Figure 1.

Upper right: Conditioning for action-effect binding task. Subjects viewed standardized pictures of happy, fearful and neutral faces that were coupled to high, medium and low tones. The association of which faces were coupled to which tones (for example, happy faces and high tones) was randomized between subjects, and the same association was used for each patient-matched control pair. Lower left: Action-effect Binding paradigm. When subjects perceive their voluntary action to be the cause of an effect in the action keypress (AK) or action tone (AT) trials, subjects report the action as occurring later and the effect as occurring earlier than in the baseline keypress (BK) and baseline tone (BT) trials. This compression of the subjective sense of time is also termed “intentional binding” as it does not occur with involuntary or unintentional actions.