Table 3.
Multilevel regression results of the associations of individual-level factors, neighbourhood poverty and distance to grocery shop with unfair treatment at food outlets
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR | 95 % CI | P | OR | 95 % CI | P |
| Individual† | ||||||
| Age | 0·99 | 0·97, 1·01 | 0·99 | 0·97, 1·01 | ||
| Gender (Ref: Male) | ||||||
| Female | 0·65 | 0·42, 1·01 | 0·64 | 0·41, 1·01 | ||
| Race/ethnicity (Ref: African-American)‡ | ||||||
| Latino | 0·39 | 0·17, 0·92 | * | 0·35 | 0·12, 1·04 | |
| White | 0·55 | 0·32, 0·93 | * | 0·50 | 0·22, 1·12 | |
| Marital status (Ref: Not currently married) | ||||||
| Currently married | 0·73 | 0·41, 1·30 | 0·72 | 0·41, 1·28 | ||
| Education (Ref: <High school or GED diploma) | ||||||
| High-school graduate or GED diploma | 0·94 | 0·55, 1·61 | 0·92 | 0·54, 1·58 | ||
| >High school | 0·66 | 0·35, 1·25 | 0·64 | 0·34, 1·22 | ||
| Employment (Ref: Not currently employed) | ||||||
| Currently employed | 1·22 | 0·79, 1·88 | 1·22 | 0·79, 1·89 | ||
| Annual household income per capita (Ref: <$US 4500) | ||||||
| $US 4500–7499 | 0·68 | 0·34, 1·35 | 0·67 | 0·34, 1·34 | ||
| $US 7500–16 200 | 0·92 | 0·43, 1·97 | 0·94 | 0·45, 1·95 | ||
| >$US 16 200 | 0·42 | 0·21, 0·84 | * | 0·43 | 0·22, 0·85 | * |
| Automobile ownership (Ref: No) | ||||||
| Owns automobile | 1·08 | 0·70, 1·66 | 1·06 | 0·69, 1·63 | ||
| Home ownership (Ref: No) | ||||||
| Owns home | 0·83 | 0·55, 1·25 | 0·84 | 0·55, 1·28 | ||
| Length of residence in Detroit | 1·00 | 0·98, 1·02 | 0·99 | 0·97, 1·02 | ||
| Distance to grocery shop | 1·07 | 1·00, 1·13 | * | 1·05 | 0·97, 1·04 | |
| Latino × distance to grocery shop | 1·03 | 0·88, 1·19 | ||||
| White × distance to grocery shop | 1·02 | 0·86, 1·21 | ||||
| Neighbourhood/census block group | ||||||
| Racial/ethnic composition (Ref: Other) | ||||||
| Predominantly African-American | 0·87 | 0·48, 1·56 | 0·85 | 0·47, 1·54 | ||
| Poverty level (Ref: Low poverty) | ||||||
| Moderately poor | 0·66 | 0·40, 1·07 | 0·62 | 0·37, 1·12 | ||
| High poverty | 0·70 | 0·40, 1·21 | 0·69 | 0·39, 1·24 | ||
Ref., reference category; GED, General Educational Development.
*P < 0·05, ** P < 0·01, *** P < 0·001.
†All individual-level variables are grand-mean centred.
‡Other race/ethnicity not shown due to small sample size.