Table 1.

Summary of Descriptive Statistics for Outcome Measures Based on the Use of Same-Grade Comparison Across 400 Imputed Data Sets

	Ever-Retained (n = 75)		Promoted (n = 299)
Outcome measures	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
WJ III Reading
Grade 1	437.42	21.94	439.46	23.79
Grade 2	463.61	18.13	466.60	18.23
Grade 3	478.40	16.24	481.76	16.73
Grade 4	488.83	16.41	492.35	16.85
Grade 5	498.82	19.41	503.17	16.89
Grade 6	505.48	19.65	511.90	18.33
Grade 7	512.30	21.97	519.43	18.84
Grade 8			526.49	19.83
WJ III Math
Grade 1	466.21	13.71	465.79	11.96
Grade 2	463.61	10.19	478.90	9.22
Grade 3	489.69	10.55	489.81	9.38
Grade 4	498.63	9.88	499.24	8.97
Grade 5	506.20	10.85	507.40	9.23
Grade 6	509.98	11.01	513.54	9.33
Grade 7	513.71	12.02	519.91	10.32
Grade 8			521.35	10.45
School Engagement
Grade 1	3.16	1.09	3.38	0.99
Grade 2	3.23	0.87	3.51	1.05
Grade 3	3.29	0.82	3.42	0.81
Grade 4	3.18	0.80	3.39	0.80
Grade 5	3.20	0.83	3.37	0.80
Grade 6	3.21	0.85	3.35	0.79
Grade 7	3.09	0.87	3.29	0.80
Grade 8			3.29	0.84
School Belonging
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3	4.00	0.62
Grade 4	3.94	0.63	3.85	0.64
Grade 5	3.89	0.70	3.90	0.63
Grade 6	3.80	0.70	3.84	0.65
Grade 7	3.80	0.72	3.85	0.64
Grade 8			3.87	0.63

Note. Because we used same-grade comparisons, ever-retained students had one fewer wave than did continuously promoted students. For ever-retained students’ in elementary grades (pre-transition), we used data only from the second time in repeated years for all outcome measures. WJ III Broad Reading cluster, WJ III Broad Math cluster, and the School Engagement measure were assessed from Year 1 to 9, whereas the School Belonging measure was assessed from Year 4 to 9.