Table 1.
Sample’s demographic and clinical characteristics
| Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Age |
(Year) |
43.91 (15.4) |
| Pain intensity* |
(0–10) |
4.11 (1.9) |
| Physical disability** |
(0–24) |
8.78 (5.3) |
| Depression*** |
(0–42) |
8.75 (9.9) |
| Anxiety≠ |
(0–42) |
6.55 (8.4) |
| Stress± |
(0–42) |
13.08 (9.8) |
| Fatigue† |
(1–63) |
32.49 (12.3) |
| Pittsburgh questionnaire# |
(0 – 21) |
7.92 (3.8) |
| Insomnia index$ |
(0 – 28) |
11.25 (6.4) |
| Epworth scale¥ |
(0 – 24) |
7.26 (5.2) |
| Body mass index |
(Kg/m2) |
25.73 (4.9) |
| |
|
N (%) |
| Pain duration |
Acute |
32 (41%) |
| |
Chronic |
47 (59%) |
| Roland item£ |
(Yes) |
46 (58%) |
| Seeking care |
(Yes) |
58 (73%) |
| Taking pain medication |
(Yes) |
35 (44%) |
| Gender |
(Female) |
40 (51%) |
| Level of education |
(University degree) |
35 (44%) |
| Smoking status |
(Not) |
74 (94%) |
| Work status |
Full-time |
48 (61%) |
| |
Part-time |
14 (18%) |
| |
Not working |
4 (5%) |
| |
Retired |
13 (16%) |
| Marital status |
Married or defacto |
39 (49%) |
| |
Separated |
8 (10%) |
| Single | 32 (41%) |
*Brief Pain Inventory on 0–10 NRS, 0 = no pain, 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine. **Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire: the higher score indicates more severe disability. ***Depression subscale of the DASS-21: 0 – 9 = no depression, 10 – 13 = mild depression, 14 – 20 = moderate depression, 21 – 27 = severe depression and over 28 = extremely severe depression. ≠Anxiety subscale of the DASS-21: 0 – 7 = no anxiety, 8 – 9 = mild anxiety, 10 - 14 = moderate anxiety, 15 – 19 = severe anxiety and more than 20 = extremely severe anxiety. ±Stress subscale of the DASS-21: 0 – 14 = normal level of stress, 15 – 18 = mild stress, 19 – 25 = moderate stress, 26 – 33 = severe stress and over 37 = extremely severe stress. †Fatigue Severity Scale: a total score of less than 36 suggests no fatigue, while a total score of 36 or more suggests fatigue and further evaluation by a physician is needed; #Pittsburgh sleep quality index: > 5 indicates poor sleep quality; $Insomnia severity index: > 14 indicates clinical insomnia; ¥Epworth sleepiness scale: > 10 indicates excessive day-time sleepiness.
£ Roland item = I sleep less well because of my back.