Figure 1. Effect of defoliation on phenological parameters in grain amaranth grown in the greenhouse.

45-day-old A. cruentus plants were subjected to 4 defoliation degrees: 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% Phenological parameters, A shoot; B root, C plant height, and D stem thickness, were measured at 1, 30 an110 d after treatment. Each bar represents the mean ± SE (n = 10). The asterisks over the bars represent statistical significance at * p = 0.05, ** p = 0.01, *** p = 0.001 for the Dunnett test.