Table 2.

Alternative measures of household welfare used in the study.

Poverty measure	Poverty dimension	Definition
Monthly household expenditures	Money-metric indicator of poverty	Computed by dividing the monthly total household consumption expenditure by the household size, considering a child to be equivalent of half an adult.
Asset index	Long term wealth	Derived from ownership of different assets both within the household and at other locations (radio, TV, car, motorcycle, stove, refrigerator, and phone) using principal component analysis (PCA).
Food security Index	A proxy for availability of food	Constructed from the frequency of buying staple food, number of meals served in the last two days, frequency of luxury foods and number of days the family slept without eating, using PCA
Subjective poverty	Relative poverty	Constructed from a 10-scale perceived level of poverty (1 for very poor and 10 for very rich).