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. 2013 Jul 5;7:77. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00077

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Copyright © 2013 Minoli, Palottini and Manrique.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

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Experiment 3: Modulation of the escape response of larvae to IsoAc after an associative operant conditioning training. (A) Training with 10 μg of IsoAc. (B) Training with 1000 μg of IsoAc. N = 40 assays for each treatment. Asterisks show significant differences from a PI = 0 (One Sample T-Test, p < 0.05). A not-significant trend to avoid the punished side was observed when 10 μg IsoAc was used as punishment during training (A). When 1000 μg of IsoAc were used during training, larvae learned to avoid the punished side and continued to avoid it during odorless tests (B).