Table 1.
Main characteristics of reviewed studies from before September 2012 assessing outdoor SHS exposure in hospitality venues.
| Reference, location | Study design: venue type, and sample size | SHS marker | Potential confounders | SHS marker concentration | Background concentration (control) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presence of smokers | Absence of smokers | |||||
| Klepleis etal. 2007, California, USA | Observational and experimental: 10 outdoor public places including parks, sidewalk cafés, and restaurant and pub patios. Results provided for hospitality venues and other settings combined | PM2.5 | Wind conditions, source proximity, and no. of cigarettes | Overallmean:30µg/m3 (observational data). Maximum: 1,000µg/m3 at distances within 0.5 m (experimental data) | ||
| Travers etal. 2007, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada | Observational: 20 smoking areas of bars and restaurants (outdoors) | PM2.5 | No. of burning cigarettes, coverage and cigarette proximity, or size | Overall mean: 96µg/m3. Maximum: 1,318µg/m3 | 6µg/m3 | |
| Wilson etal. 2007, New Zealand | Observational: 34 pubs, restaurants, and bars; 6 outdoor smoking areas of bars and restaurants. Also in this study: 10transportation settings, 9other indoor settings, and 6 other outdoor settings (Table2) | PM2.5 | No. of people in room/area and no. of lit cigarettes among occupants | “Outdoor” smoking areas of bars and restaurants (n=4): 36µg/m3. Relatively enclosed smoking areas attached to bars (n=2): 124µg/m3. Maximum (outdoor smoking area in a bar): 284µg/m3 | Inside hospitality venues (n=34): 16µg/m3. Outside hospitality venues (n=34): 14µg/m3 | 14µg/m3 |
| Hall etal. 2009, Athens, Georgia, USA | Observational: 5 bars (n=3) and family restaurants (n=2) (outdoors) | SC | Proximity to smokers | Overall GM, bar: 182µg/m3. Overall GM, restaurant: 75µg/m3 | Overall GM, bar: 69µg/m3. Overall GM,restaurant: 36µg/m3 | Before smoking time: 43µg/m3. After smoking time: 49µg/m3 |
| Brennan etal. 2010, Victoria, Australia | Observational: 19 pubs and bars that had at least one indoor area with an adjacent semi-enclosed outdoor eating/drinking area (5m from the main access) | PM2.5 | No. of patrons and lit cigarettes, overhead covers, ventilation, and kitchen operating | OverallGMindoor: 61.3µg/m3 (pre-ban). OverallGM, outdoor: 19.0µg/m3 (pre-ban) | Overall GM, indoor: 17.4µg/m3 (post-ban). Overall GM, outdoor: 13.1µg/m3 (post-ban) | |
| Cameron etal. 2010, Melbourne, Australia | Observational: 69 visits to 54 dining areas of bars and restaurants | PM2.5 | No. of target cigarettes, no. of other lit cigarettes, and overhead cover | Overall mean: 27.3µg/m3. Maximum: 483.9µg/m3 | Overall mean: 17.6µg/m3 | 8.4µg/m3 |
| Stafford etal. 2010, Perth and Mandurah, Australia | Observational: 12 cafes and 16pubs (outdoors) | PM2.5 | No. of smokers, wind level, coverage, no. of patrons, street type, and road traffic | Overall median: 8.32µg/m3. Maximum: 142.08µg/m3 | Overall median: 2.56µg/m3 | |
| Edwards etal. 2011, New Zealand | Observational: 7 pubs and bars (semi-enclosed outdoor area and indoor) | PM2.5 | Ventilation | Noncommunication smoking area outdoors: range, 32–109µg/m3. Communication smoking area outdoors: range, 29–192µg/m3 | Noncommunication smoking area indoors: range, 14–79µg/m3. Communication smoking area indoors: range, 2.36–117µg/m3 | |
| St.Helen etal. 2011, Athens, Georgia, USA | Observational: 2 family restaurants, 3 bars (outdoors) | PM2.5 and CO | No. of smokers, pedestrians, and vehicles | PM2.5: range, 16.6–63.9µg/m3. CO: range, 1.2–1.6 ppm | PM2.5: 20.4µg/m3. CO: 1.3 ppm | |
| Wilson etal. 2011, New Zealand | Observational: 20 outdoor smoking areas of hospitality venues, 13inside bars adjacent to outdoor smoking areas, 10 pubs/sports bars, 18 bars, 9restaurants, 5cafés. Also in this study: 15inside public buildings, 15inside transportation settings, and 22 various outdoor street/park settings | PM2.5 | None | Outdoor smoking areas of hospitality venues (n=20): 72µg/m3. Inside bars adjacent to outdoor smoking areas (n=13): 54µg/m3 | Inside hospitality venues (n=42): range, 7–22µg/m3 | 11µg/m3 |
| St.Helen etal. 2012, Athens, Georgia, USA | Observational: a bar and a family restaurant (outdoors), an open-air seating area with no smokers (control) | SC and NNAL | No. of lit cigarettes | SC in restaurant: 69µg/m3. SC in bar: 165µg/m3. NNAL, in restaurant: 0.774µg/m3. NNAL in bar: 2.407µg/m3 | SC in restaurant: 46µg/m3. SC in bar: 45µg/m3. NNAL in restaurant: 0.041µg/m3. NNAL in bar: 0.037µg/m3 | SC: 53µg/m3. NNAL: 0.038µg/m3 |
| López etal. 2012, Europe | Observational: 48 hospitality venues (night bars, restaurants and bars) | PM2.5 and nicotine | No. of smokers and coverage | PM2.5 indoors (n=42): 120.51µg/m3 (pre-ban). PM2.5 outdoors (n=42): 29.61µg/m3 (pre-ban). Nicotine indoors (n=46): 3.69µg/m3 (pre-ban). Nicotine outdoors (46): 0.31µg/m3 (pre-ban) | PM2.5 indoors (32): 36.90µg/m3 (post-ban). PM2.5 outdoors (32): 36.10µg/m3 (post-ban). Nicotine indoors (39): 0.48µg/m3 (post-ban). Nicotine outdoors (39): 1.56µg/m3 (post-ban) | |
| Abbreviations: GM, geometric mean; NNAL, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; SC, salivary cotinine. | ||||||