Table 1.
Adjusted rate ratios for ESRD or doubling of serum creatinine by baseline kidney function and proteinuria
| Study | Setting | Patients n | AKI definition | ESRD |
Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| incidence rate person-years | adjusted HR | |||||
| Amdur et al. [29] | hospitalized veterans | 113,272 | ICD-9 codes | mean ages by group, years | ||
| ATN | 20.0%a | 6.64a | 63.8 | |||
| ARF | 13.2%a | 4.03a | 66.5 | |||
| controls (no AKI) | 3.3%a | 1.0a | 68.7 | |||
| CKD without AKI | 24.7%a | 6.5a | 74.4 | |||
| No age-specific analyses reported | ||||||
| Hsu et al. [34] | hospitalized with preexisting CKD | 39,805 | acute dialysis | 12.7% at 6 months | 1.47 (0.95–2.28) | mean age 66.6 years in those with AKI no age-specific analyses reported |
| Ishani et al. [30] | Medicare | 233,803 | ICD-9 based: | incidence rate; adjusted HR for ESRD by age strata | ||
| AKI | 27.5/1,000 | 13.0 (11.0–16.0) | (total population; not by AKI/no AKI) | |||
| AKI on CKD | 101.5/1,000 | 41.2 (34.6–49.1) | age, years: | |||
| 67–70: 8/1,000; 1.0 | ||||||
| 71–75: 6.9/1,000; 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | ||||||
| 76–80: 5.7/1,000; 0.72 (0.61−0.85) | ||||||
| 81–85: 4.3/1,000; 0.63 (0.52−0.76) | ||||||
| ≥86: 1.9/1,000; 0.36 (0.28−0.46) | ||||||
| Lo et al. [30] | population-based cohort | 3,773 | in-hospital dialysis vs. matched non-AKI | 479/1,000b 17/1,000b | 28.1 (21.1–37.6)b | mean age of AKI 63.5 |
| no age-specific analyses reported | ||||||
| Newsome et al. [26] | Medicare-Acute MI | 87,094 | change in SCr: | entire cohort was aged ≥67 | ||
| None | 2.3/1,000 | 1.0 | no age-specific analyses reported | |||
| Cr ↑ 0.1 | 2.3/1,000 | 1.45 | ||||
| Cr ↑ 0.2 | 3.6/1000 | 1.97 | ||||
| Cr ↑ 0.3–0.5 | 6.3/1,000 | 2.36 | ||||
| Cr ↑ 0.6–3.0 | 20.0/1,000 | 3.26 | ||||
| Wald et al. [28] | population-based cohort | 17,367 | in-hospital dialysis vs. matched non-AKI | 26/1,000 | 3.23 (2.7–3.86) | absolute risk and excess risk for ESRD after AKI higher in patients aged ≥65 (AKI 9.5% vs. non-AKI 2.8%) compared to those aged <65 (7.4 vs. 3.2%) |
| 9/1,000 | ||||||
| James et al. [16] | coronary angiography | 11,249 | no AKI | 3.7%c | 1.0 | mean age 67 in those with AKI |
| mild AKI | 9.4%c | 1.60 (1.19–2.14) | no age-specific analyses reported | |||
| moderate/severe AKI | 21.8%c | 3.12 (1.95–4.99) | ||||
| James et al. [14] | population-based cohort | 920,985 | AKI (ICD-9 and −10) vs. no AKI | 3.5/1,000d | 21–230, depending on baseline GFR and degree of proteinuria | no age-specific analyses reported |
| 0.78/1,000d | ||||||
Figures shown in parentheses are 95% CI. ATN = Acute tubular necrosis; ARF = acute renal failure.
a
Cumulative incidence at 20% percentile follow-up of 10.9 months in ATN and 57 months in ARF.
b
Endpoint was CKD stage 4 or higher.
c
Cumulative incidence with median follow-up of 21 months for composite endpoint of decline in eGFR >4 ml/min/1.73 m2 or ESRD.
d
Endpoint was ESRD or doubling of serum creatinine (SCr).