. 2013 Jun;31(2):185–194. doi: 10.3329/jhpn.v31i2.16382

Table 1.

Association between vitamin A status and various potential risk factors among pregnant women in rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia, February 2011

Variable	Serum retinol µmol/L (mean ±SD)	VAD+	VAD-	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI) ^**
Staple diet
Enset-based	0.81±0.41	180	271	1.28 (0.93-1.77)	-
Cereal-based	0.88±0.42	85	164	1r	-
Dietary diversity in the previous day
Low (DDS ≤3)	0.75±0.41	119	124	2.55 (1.63-4.00)^*	1.94 (1.17-3.19)^*
Optimal (DDS of 4 or 5)	0.87±0.41	108	210	1.37 (0.88-2.12)	1.10 (0.70-1.72)
High (DDS ≥6)	0.91±0.43	38	101	1^r	1^r
Consumed foods from animal source in the previous day
No	0.81±0.42	216	303	1.92 (1.33-2.78)^*	1.51 (1.04-2.13)^*
Yes	0.91±0.39	49	132	1^r	1^r
Severe acute malnutrition
No (MUAC ≥220 mm)	0.87±0.42	178	330	1^r	1^r
Yes (MUAC <220 mm)	0.75±0.39	87	105	1.54 (1.10-2.15)^*	1.26 (0.88-1.81)
Zinc deficiency status
Non-deficient	0.92±0.41	91	238	1^r	1^r
Deficient	0.76±0.40	174	197	2.31 (1.68-3.17)^*	1.80 (1.28-2.53)^*
Parity
0	0.89±0.40	34	82	1^r	1^r
1-2	0.85±0.41	102	174	1.41 (0.86-2.26)	1.14 (0.69-1.87)
3-4	0.84±0.42	91	140	1.57 (0.97-2.53)	1.35 (0.81-2.26)
≥5	0.72±0.40	38	39	2.35 (1.29-4.28)^*	1.92 (1.02-3.64)^*
Walking distance from nearby health facility
0-30 minutes	0.83±0.41	229	369	1^r	-
Longer than 30 minutes	0.89±0.44	36	66	0.88 (0.57-1.36)	-
Number of ANC follow-ups
0	0.87±0.41	121	243	1^r	1^r
1-2	0.80±0.43	134	173	1.56 (1.14-2.13)^*	1.42 (0.97-2.02)
≥3	0.86±0.41	10	19	1.06 (0.48-2.34)	0.70 (0.30-1.64)
Received nutrition education during pregnancy
Yes	0.80±0.41	70	105	1^r	-
No	0.85±0.42	195	330	0.89 (0.62-1.26)	-

*Statistically significant association at 0.05 level of significance;

**Adjusted for all significant variables in the table plus gestational age and CRP level; CI=Confidence interval; r=Reference value; SD=Standard deviation