Table 2.
Factors Associated With HIV Shedding in Semen During Antiretroviral Therapy
| Factor | HIV in Semen, Detectable | HIV in Semen, Not Detectable | Relative Risk | Univariate P Value | FDR, P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total No. | 11 (100) | 103 (100) | |||
| Main effect variables | |||||
| Blood HIV RNA 50–500 copies/mL | 5 (45.5) | 9 (8.7) | 6.0 (2.1–17.0) | <.01 | .08 |
| ≥4 log10 CMV DNA copies/mL | 7 (63.6) | 25 (24.3) | 4.5 (1.4–14.2) | .01 | .08 |
| Any detectable EBV DNA in semen | 8 (72.7) | 27 (26.2) | 6.0 (1.7–21.3) | <.01 | .06 |
| Demographics | |||||
| Caucasian/non-Hispanic | 5 (45.5) | 39 (37.9) | .75 | 1.00 | |
| Age, y, mean (95% CI) | 41 (33–49) | 45 (43–47) | .31 | .96 | |
| CD4+ T-cells/µL, mean (95% CI) | 527 (354–700) | 586 (536–637) | .47 | 1.00 | |
| Time on ART, d, mean (95% CI) | 804 (190–1418) | 1265 (1037–1494) | .25 | .96 | |
| Additional variables | |||||
| Any detectable HSV-1 DNA | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Any detectable HSV-2 DNA | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.9) | N/A | 1 | 1.00 |
| Any detectable HHV-6 DNA | 0 (0) | 8 (7.8) | N/A | 1 | 1.00 |
| Any detectable HHV-7 DNA | 1 (9.1) | 9 (8.7) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) | 1 | 1.00 |
| Any detectable HHV-8 DNA | 1 (9.1) | 3 (2.9) | 2.8 (0.5–16.6) | .34 | .96 |
| Bacterial STI in urine | 0 (0) | 5 (4.9) | N/A | 1 | 1.00 |
| Bacterial STI at rectum | 1 (9.1) | 5 (4.9) | 1.8 (0.3–11.8) | .46 | 1.00 |
| Bacterial STI at pharynx | 0 (0) | 6 (5.8) | N/A | 1 | 1.00 |
| Syphilis | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | N/A | 1 | 1.00 |
| Nonspecific urethritisb | 1 (9.1) | 7 (6.8) | 1.4 (0.2–12.3) | .57 | 1.00 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise specified. P values in bold represent significant values.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence intervals; CMV, cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; FDR, false discovery rate; HHV, human herpesvirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; NA, not available; STI, sexually transmitted infection.
a P values were adjusted by false discovery rate using the Benjamini and Hochberg method to correct for multiple comparisons.
b Nonspecific urethritis defined as presence of white blood cells in urine stick without any recognized associated infections.