Table 2.
Apoptosis-inducing effects of active components.
| Author; year | Animal or cell | Active components | Factors and pathways |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wu and Hsu [33]; 2001 | HepG2 cells | Saikosaponin a | PKC signaling pathway involved; CDK inhibitor p-15INK4a and p-16INK4b mRNA and protein↑ |
| Wu [34]; 2003 | HepG2 cells | Saikosaponin a | ERK signaling pathway involved; CDK inhibitor p-15INK4a and p-16INK4b mRNA and protein↑ |
| Wang et al. [38]; 2010 | Cervical cancer (HeLa and Siha); ovarian cancer (SKOV3); non-small-cell lung cancer (A549) cell lines |
Saikosaponin a, d | ROS↑; caspase pathway activation |
| Ding et al. [48]; 2012 | HTLV-1-associated ATL | Wogonin | c-FLIP↓; TRAIL-R2 expression↑ |
| Polier et al. [49]; 2011 | The human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116); the human leukemic T-cell line (CEM); the adult T-cell leukemic cell line (SP) |
Wogonin | CDK9↓; antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1↓ |
| Wang et al. [50]; 2006 | Human hepatoma cell line (SMMC-7721) | Wogonin | Bax↑Bc1-2↓ |
| Lin et al. [51]; 2011 | Human osteosarcoma cell line (U-2 OS) | Wogonin | ROS↑ intracellular Ca2+↑ caspase-3 activity↑; Bad, Bax, cytochrome c↑; mitochondrial membrane potential↓ |
| Liang et al. [53]; 2012 | HCC cell lines; mice with HCC xenografts |
Baicalein | Mitochondrial transmembrane potential↓; caspase-9, caspase-3↑; phosphorylation of MEK1, ERK1/2, and Bad↓ |
| Kuo et al. [54]; 2009 | Human hepatoma J5 cells | Baicalein | Mitochondrial-dependent caspase activation pathway involved (mitochondrial cytochrome c release; activation of caspase-9 and -3; the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2↑) |
| Zhang et al. [57]; 2012 | HCC cell line (SMMC-7721) | Baicalin | CD147↓ cell apoptosis and autophagy were induced |
| Lee et al. [69]; 2012 | HepG2, SK-Hep1, Huh-7, and Hep3B cell lines; mouse xenograft model |
Ginsenoside Rg3 | Promoting TRAIL-induced apoptosis |
| Zhang et al. [70]; 2012 | Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (SMMC-7721; HepG2) | Ginsenoside Rg3 | Gene expression of caspase-3; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ |
| Jiang et al. [71]; 2011 | Hep1-6 and HepG2 cells; liver tumor-bearing C57Bl6 mice |
Ginsenoside Rg3 | Mitochondrial pathway involved (mitochondria membrane potential↓; caspase-3 activation↑; Bax↑ Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL↓) |
| Park et al. [72]; 2012 | Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep3B) | Ginsenoside Rg3, Rh2 | Activating the mitochondrial pathway (ROS↑; Bax↑ Bcl-2↓; cytochrome c↑; activation of caspase-3) |
| Hu et al. [81]; 2012 | SMMC-7721, BEL-7404, HL-7702 cells; SMMC-7721 xenograft-bearing mouse |
6-Shogaol | Unfolded protein response (UPR)↑; PERK/eIF2α pathway↑; eIF2α phosphorylation↓; caspase 3↑ |