Table 4.

Inflammation and fibrosis inhibitory effects of active components.

Author; year	Animal or cell	Active components	Factors and pathways
Wu et al. [31]; 2010	CCl4-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis rats	Saikosaponin a	Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6↓; anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10↑; TGF-β1 and hydroxyproline↓; NF-κB↓
Dang et al. [32]; 2007	Liver fibrotic rats	Saikosaponin d	TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κBp65 expression↓; I-κBα activity↑
Sun et al. [56]; 2010	CCl4-induced liver fibrosis rats	Baicalein	AST, ALT, hyaluronic acid, laminin, and PDGF-β receptor↓; hydroxyproline, MMPs↓
Qiao et al. [60]; 2011	CCl4-induced liver injury rats	Baicalin	PPARγ↑; TGFβ1↓
Kim and Lee [62]; 2012	Ischemia/reperfusion injured rats with alcoholic fatty liver	Baicalin	Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)↓; myeloid differentiation primary response protein My88↓
Lo et al. [75]; 2011	HSCs	Ginsenoside Rb1	HSCs activation and proliferation↓; expression of collagen, TGF-β1, MMP-2, and TIMP-1↓
Geng et al. [76]; 2010	Thioacetamide-treated rats; HSCs	Ginsenoside Rg1	AST, ALT, hydroxyproline↓; HSCs↓; PDGF-β receptor expression↓
Sabina et al. [83]; 2011	Acetaminophen-treated mice	6-gingerol	The hepatic marker enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) and total bilirubin in serum↓; hepatic malondialdehyde formation↓; liver antioxidant status↑
Gumpricht et al. [86]; 2005	Rat hepatocytes exposed to GCDC	Glycyrrhizin; 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid	Glycyrrhizin-enhanced GCDC induced cell apoptosis; 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid reduced cell necrosis and protected against GCDC-induced cell apoptosis
Lee et al. [87]; 2007	CCl4-induced liver injury rats	Glycyrrhizin	Liver function improvement; proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and COX-2)↓; heme oxygenase-1↑;