Table 3.
Summary of predictive equations for children and adolescents based on a three-compartmental model.
| Development | Cross-validation | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Sex | Ethnic group | Age Y | N | Criterion method | R 2 | RMSE | CV (%) | Equations and predictor variables | N | Age | R 2 | PE | CV | CCC | Bias | Agreement | |
| Limits | Trend | |||||||||||||||||
| Houtkooper et al. [65] | M | Cauc | 10–14 | 53 | UWW, Deut Dilut1 |
0.85 | 3.3% | NA | %FM = −0.235 ∗ S, cm2/R + 0.252 ∗ Abdcirc + 0.281 ∗ (sum: Tric, Abd, Thigh SKF) − 0.044 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| F | 41 | |||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Houtkooper et al. [65] | M | Cauc | 10–14 | 53 |
UWW, Deut Dilut1 |
0.94 | 1.9 kg | NA | FFM (kg) = 0.713 ∗ S, cm2/R + 0.15 ∗ (chest circ) + 0.493 ∗ (hip Skeletal width) + 0.121 ∗ Re − 21.41 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| F | 41 | |||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Houtkooper et al. [59] | M and F | Cauc | 10–14 | 1572 | UWW, Deut Dilut1 |
0.95 | 2.1 kg | 5.1 | FFM (kg) = 0.61 ∗ S, cm2/R + 0.25 ∗ W + 1.31 | 25 | 10.5–14.4 | 0.95 | NA | NA | NA | 1.7 | NA | NA |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Goran et al. [51] | M | Cauc | 4–9 | 49 | DXA Lunar DPX-L densitometer | 0.91 | 0.94 kg | NA | FM (kg) = 0.16 ∗ Sub SKF + 0.33 ∗ W + 0.11 ∗ Tric SKF − 0.16 ∗ S, cm2/R − 0.43 ∗ Sex − 2.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| F | 49 | 0.88 | 1.05 kg | NA | FM (kg) = 0.18 ∗ W + 0.23 ∗ Sub SKF + 0.23 ∗ Tric SKF − 3.0 | |||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Ellis [49] | M | Cauc | 3–18 | 145 | DXA Hologic QDR 2000 | 0.57 | 3.56 kg | 31.7 | FM (kg) = 0.534 ∗ W − 1.59 ∗ age + 3.03 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Black | 78 | 0.62 | 4.29 kg | 36.1 | FM (kg) = 0.594 ∗ W − 0.381 ∗ S, cm + 36.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| Hispanic | 74 | 0.55 | 3.71 kg | 25.7 | FM (kg) = 0.591 ∗ W − 1.82 ∗ Age + 3.36 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Ellis et al. [50] | F | Cauc | 3–18 | 141 | DXA Hologic QDR 2000 | 0.93 | 1.09 kg | 9.7 | FM (kg) = 0.642 ∗ W − 0.12 ∗ S, cm − 0.606 ∗ Age + 8.98 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Black | 104 | 0.96 | 2.44 kg | 16.7 | FM (kg) = 0.653 ∗ W − 0.163 ∗ S, cm − 0.298 ∗ Age + 10.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| Hispanic | 68 | 0.95 | 2.45 kg | 15.1 | FM (kg) = 0.677 ∗ W − 0.217 ∗ S, cm + 15.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| de Lorenzo et al. [57] | M | NA | 7.7–13 | 20 | DXA Lunar DPX | 0.96 | 1.0 kg | NA | FFM = 2.330 + 0.588 ∗ S, cm2/R + 0.211 ∗ W | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| F | 15 | densitometer | ||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Dezenberg et al. [48] | M and F | Cauc and Black | 4–10.9 | 135 | DXA Lunar DPX-L | 0.95 | 0.5 kg | NA | FM (kg) = 0.332 ∗ W + 0.263 ∗ Tric SKF + 0.76 ∗ Sex + 0.704 ∗ Ethnicity − 8.004 | 67 | 4–10.9 | 0.92 | NA | NA | NA | −0.11 | 0.1–(−0.3) | 0.19 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Morrison et al. [58] | F | Cauc | 6–17 | 65 | Hologic QDR-1000/W |
0.99 | 1.14 kg | 3.6 | FFM (kg) = 1.07 + 0.37 ∗ S, cm2/R 0.17 ∗ Tric SKF + 0.47 ∗ W | 20 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | NA | 1.5 | 6 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Black | 61 | 0.99 | 1.95 kg | 4.7 | FFM (kg) = −8.78 + 0.78 ∗ S, cm2/R + 0.10 ∗ Rc + 0.18 ∗ W | 20 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | NA | 1.2 | 5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Bray et al. [54] | M and F | Cauc and Black | 10–12 | 129 | DXA Hologic QDR 2000 | 0.91 | 3.1% | NA | %FM = 7.26 + 0.77 ∗ Bic SKF + 0.36 ∗ calf SKF + 0.25 ∗ Thigh SKF | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 0.89 | 3.4% | NA | %FM = 9.02 + 1.09 ∗ Bic SKF + 0.42 ∗ Calf SKF | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Clasey et al. [56] | M | Cauc | 5–11.9 | 203 | DXALunar DPX-IQ | 0.95 | 1.4 kg | NA | FFM (kg) = −7.655 + 0.297 ∗ S, cm + 0.125 ∗ W – 0.0174 ∗ Imp | 38 M | 5–11.9 | 0.95 | 1.2 kg | NA | NA | 0.0 | 2.5–(−2.4) | NS |
| F | 158 | (GE/Lunar) | 37 F | |||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Flavel et al. [55] | M | Cauc | 6–17 | 37 | DXA Lunar Prodigy | 0.91 | 3.0% | NA | %FM = 1.09 + 0.63 ∗ Tri SKF + 0.36 ∗ Thigh SKF + 0.50 Supraspinale SKF – 0.16 ∗ Abd SKF + 0.33 Bic SKF | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| F | 33 | 0.93 | 2.60% | NA | %FM = 11.03 + 0.93 ∗ BMI + 0.30 ∗ Waist Girth − 0.24 ∗ S, cm + 0.48 ∗ Calf SKF + 0.07 ∗ Hip Girth | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Huang et al. [53] | M and F | Latino | 7–13 | 64 | DXA Hologic QDR 4500W | 0.92 | NA | NA | FM (kg) = 0.665 ∗ W − 1.606 ∗ Age − 1.882 ∗ Sex (0 = girl; 1 = boy) + 3.330 | 32 | 7–13 | 0.92 | NA | NA | NA | 0.36 | 6.4–(−5.7) | NS |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Hoffman et al. [52] | M | Mixed ethnicity | 9.8 ± 1.3 | 48 | DXA Hologic QDR 4500A | 0.78 | 1.2 kg | NA | FM (kg) = 6.371 + 0.488 ∗ W + 0.128 ∗ Tric SKF − 1.138 ∗ S, cm + 0.645 ∗ Sex − 0.188 ∗ Age | 12 | 10.1 ± 1.5 | 0.80 | NA | NA | NA | 0.09 | NA | NA |
| F | 67 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
NA: not available; UWW: underwater weighing; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; Cauc: caucasians; SKF: skinfold; NS: nonsignificant; Bic SKF: bicipital skinfold; Tric SKF: tricipital skinfold; Supil SKF: Suprailiac skinfold; Sub SKF: subscapular skinfold; Abd SKF: abdominal skinfold; M: male; F: female; Deut Dilut: deuterium dilution; R 2: coefficient of determination; RMSE: root of mean square error; CV: coefficient of variation; CCC: concordance correlation coefficient; PE: pure error; BMI: body mass index; W: weight; FM: fat mass; FFM: fat-free mass; S: stature; R: resistance; Rc: reactance; Imp: impedance; abdcirc: abdominal circumference.
1% Fat = {(2.057/Db) − 0.786 ∗ W − 1.286} ∗ 100, where Db: body density; W: total body water [9].
2% Final equation was obtained from combining the development and cross-validation samples [59].