Table 3.
Demographic and Socioeconomic Background, Fragile Families
| Background Characteristic | Incarceration history |
No incarceration history |
Significantly different? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early-Life Covariates | |||
| Mother’s race | *** | ||
| White non-Hispanic | 16.0% | 28.5% | |
| Black non-Hispanic | 57.8% | 38.8% | |
| Hispanic | 23.5% | 27.9% | |
| Other | 2.4% | 4.8% | |
| Parents not same race | 17.3% | 13.8% | ** |
| Mother immigrant (or unknown national origin) |
7.8% | 20.3% | *** |
| Father immigrant status | 6.6% | 19.3% | *** |
| Mother’s impulsivity score (scored from 0–6) |
1.84 (1.83) |
1.22 (1.54) |
*** |
| Father’s impulsivity score (scored from 0–6) |
2.03 (1.97) |
1.18 (1.58) |
*** |
| Mother’s cognitive score (scored from 0–16) |
6.56 (2.53) |
7.04 (2.73) |
*** |
| Father’s cognitive score | 6.32 (2.60) |
6.80 (2.82) |
*** |
| Mother lived with both parents at age 15 |
33.0% | 51.6% | *** |
| Father lived with both parents at age 15 |
26.7% | 49.8% | *** |
| Maternal grandmother experienced depression |
30.7% | 26.8% | ** |
| Paternal grandmother experienced depression |
27.4% | 20.9% | *** |
| Covariates established in adulthood | |||
| Mother’s age at child’s birth | 23.4 (5.4) |
26.8 (6.2) |
*** |
| Father 5+ years older | 27.5% | 23.6% | * |
| Mother’s education | *** | ||
| High school dropout | 43.5% | 23.6% | |
| High school | 33.6% | 28.2% | |
| Some college | 20.8% | 28.1% | |
| College or more | 2.0% | 20.0% | |
| Father more educated | 23.6% | 24.0% | |
| Relationship at child’s birth | *** | ||
| Married | 8.0% | 41.6% | |
| Cohabiting | 40.5% | 34.1% | |
| Nonresident | 51.5% | 24.3% | |
| Mother in poverty at child’s birth |
47.0% | 24.9% | *** |
| Mother employed (baseline) | 33.2% | 44.6% | *** |
| Father employed (baseline) | 69.4% | 89.7% | *** |
| Father’s hourly wages (baseline) | 9.48 (7.22) |
14.37 (11.80) |
*** |
| Mother in good health (baseline) |
64.1% | 69.5% | *** |
| Mother ever incarcerated | 15% | 5% | *** |
| Mother reports domestic violence at baseline |
5.5% | 2.0% | *** |
| Mother smoked while pregnant |
28.7% | 11.7% | *** |
| Mother used hard drugs (Y1) |
0.5% | 0.1% | * |
| Father used hard drugs (Y1) | 0.8% | 0.4% | |
| Mother reported drinking problem (Y1) |
8.8% | 4.6% | *** |
| Father reported drinking problem (Y1) |
27.8% | 24.6% | * |
| Male Child | 52.4% | 51.9% | |
| Child born at low birthweight |
12.1% | 7.5% | *** |
| Child mother’s firstborn | 35.8% | 40.3% | ** |
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001