Table 3.
Independent associations between child and parental perceptions and child’s travel mode to school, stratified by distance from school
| Distance to school less than 1km n= 760 |
Distance to school 1-2km n= 525 |
Distance to school over 2km n= 727 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Characteristic | Travel by bike OR (95% CI) n=89 |
Travel on foot OR (95% CI) n=533 |
Travel by bike OR (95% CI) n=65 |
Travel on foot OR (95% CI) n=211 |
Travel by bike OR (95% CI) n=32 |
Travel on foot OR (95% CI) n=61 |
| Attitudinal factors | ||||||
|
Its more convenient to take my child to school by car a |
0.03 (0.01, 0.20)** | 0.07 (0.03, 0.14)** | 0.04 (0.01, 0.11)** | 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.39 (0.13, 0.92)* | 0.37 (0.19, 0.75)** |
| I’m usually around to take my child to school a | 0.16 (0.10, 0.54)** | 0.17 (0.09, 0.39)** | 0.39 (0.20, 0.75)** | 0.28 (0.17, 0.45)** | 1.02 (0.33, 3.11) | 0.76 (0.59, 1.68) |
|
| ||||||
| Social support factors | ||||||
| Friend encouragement b | 2.66 (1.66,4.26)** | 1.27 (0.88, 1.63) | 1.95 (1.12, 3.31) | 1.29 (0.76, 1.97) | 0.41 (0.13, 0.45) | 1.93 (1.01, 3.69) |
| Parental encouragement b | 3.74 (2.16, 6.40)** | 3.22 (2.22, 4.66)** | 5.50 (2.67, 10.44)** | 2.82 (1.83, 4.75)** | 2.91 (1.89, 4.48)** | 5.47 (2.93, 10.89 )** |
|
| ||||||
|
Physical & social environmental
factors |
||||||
| Route environment | ||||||
| Concern about dangerous traffic en route to school a |
0.31 (0.14, 0.73)** | 0.24 (0.14, 0.40)** | 0.04 (0.01, 0.15) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.31)** | 0.13 (0.04, 0.35)** | 0.29 (0.15, 0.62)** |
| Concern about something happening to my child on the way to school a |
0.30 (0.16, 0.52)** | 0.37 (0.25, 0.57)** | 0.21 (0.02, 0.37)** | 0.27 (0.18, 0.42)** | 0.86 (0.37, 1.99) | 0.54 (0.26, 1.05) |
| Neighbourhood environment | ||||||
| Not allowed to play outside because my parents think its not safe b |
0.37 (0.15, 0.93) | 0.61 (0.25, 2.79) | 0.90 (0.36, 2.20) | 0.60 (0.31, 1.17) | 0.91 (0.21, 3.97) | 0.76 (0.20, 2.23) |
| It is safe to walk or play in my neighbourhood during the day b | 1.68 (0.88, 3.34) | 1.89 (1.18, 2.94)** | 0.85 (0.43, 1.65) | 1.25 (0.74, 2.11) | 1.24 (0.80, 4.19) | 1.84 (0.47, 3.24) |
| It is difficult to walk or play near my house because I don’t feel safe b |
3.45 (0.87, 10.0) | 1.10 (0.53, 2.28) | 0.86 (0.25, 2.19) | 0.88 (0.35, 2.20) | 1.15 (0.43, 3.09) | 0.66 (0.23, 1.87) |
| Neighbourhood walkability score a | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06)* | 1.05 (1.03, 1.06)** | 1.09 (1.07, 1.11)** | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07)** | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.10 (1.08, 1.11)** |
| Neighbourhood sense of community score a | 1.07 (0.99, 1.10)** | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08)** | 1.06 (1.02, 1.09)* | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.0 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.06) |
| Urban Rural Status | ||||||
| Town and Fringe | 2.45 (1.50, 5.10)** | 0.99 (0.42, 1.55) | 2.02 (0.85, 4.76) | 1.25 (0.73, 2.19) | 0.60 (0.12, 2.84) | 0.93 (0.33, 2.60) |
| Village, hamlet, isolated dwelling | 2.80 (1.30, 5.60)** | 0.83 (0.24, 1.41) | 3.03 (1.24, 7.25)* | 0.64 (0.32, 1.22) | 0.81 (0.44, 2.40) | 0.39 (0.16, 0.97)* |
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
a
Parent’s perceptions,
b
Child’s perceptions,
c
Composite score of parental perceptions.
All analyses adjusted for age, gender, BMI, maternal active travel to work, car access and modelled distance to school. Travel by motorised mode is the reference outcome category in all models. The reference category is “disagree” for all predictor items except urban rural status, where the reference is “urban” and friend and parental encouragement where the reference category is “no”.