Table 2.

Clinical and sociodemographic features associated with the risk for transition from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder among participants with lifetime MDD in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=6,214).

	Model 1: Clinical characteristics of depression		Model 2: Clinical characteristics of depression and lifetime psychiatric disorders
	OR	CI	OR	CI
Demographic factors
Age
18-29	5.58*	2.71, 11.49	5.32*	2.58, 10.99
30-39	5.02*	2.40, 10.49	4.62*	2.20, 9.71
40-49	2.74*	1.31, 5.73	2.33*	1.09, 4.95
50-59	2.85*	1.27, 6.41	2.61*	1.16, 5.88
≥60	1		1
Sex
Male	1.07	0.75, 1.52	1.08	0.74, 1.58
Female	1		1
Race/ethnicity
White	1		1
Black	1.59	0.96, 2.62	1.72*	1.04, 2.84
Hispanic	0.89	0.53, 1.50	0.94	0.55, 1.62
Other	0.72	0.30, 1.73	0.73	0.31, 1.73
Education
Less than high school	2.00*	1.22, 3.27	1.95*	1.18, 3.22
High school or GED	1.14	0.76, 1.70	1.12	0.75, 1.68
Some college or greater	1		1
Clinical characteristics of depression
Depression onset ≤12 years	1.37	0.79, 2.37	1.26	0.73, 2.16
First depression onset in the past year	0.69	0.39, 1.22	0.69	0.39, 1.22
Presence of atypical features	1.07	0.77, 1.48	1.03	0.74, 1.45
Number of lifetime depressive episodes	1.00*	1.00, 1.01	1.00	0.99, 1.01
High family history loading of depression	1.04	0.74, 1.47	0.93	0.66, 1.31
Lifetime psychiatric disorders
Panic disorder			1.53	0.99, 2.39
Social phobia			2.20*	1.47, 3.30
Generalized anxiety disorder			1.58*	1.06, 2.35
Alcohol dependence			1.07	0.68, 1.68
Nicotine dependence			1.11	0.75, 1.63
Cannabis abuse or dependence			1.27	0.77, 2.11
Other substance dependence			0.80	0.35, 1.81

^*P<0.05