Table 3.
Lifetime and recent stressors associated with the risk for transition from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder among participants with lifetime MDD in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=6,214).
| Model 1: Childhood adversities |
Model 2: Childhood adversities and past-year stressors |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | CI | OR | CI | |
| Demographic factors | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 18-29 | 5.32* | 2.59, 10.91 | 4.59* | 2.14, 9.81 |
| 30-39 | 4.50* | 2.15, 9.44 | 4.21* | 1.98, 8.94 |
| 40-49 | 2.54* | 1.21, 5.31 | 2.40* | 1.14, 5.07 |
| 50-59 | 2.59* | 1.16, 5.77 | 2.49* | 1.11, 5.60 |
| ≥60 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.18 | 0.82, 1.69 | 1.24 | 0.87, 1.77 |
| Female | 1 | 1 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 1 | 1 | ||
| Black | 1.56 | 0.96, 2.54 | 1.44 | 0.88, 2.36 |
| Hispanic | 0.87 | 0.51, 1.47 | 0.82 | 0.48, 1.39 |
| Other | 0.68 | 0.28, 1.62 | 0.65 | 0.27, 1.56 |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 1.71* | 1.03, 2.84 | 1.45 | 0.90, 2.32 |
| High school or GED | 1.06 | 0.70, 1.59 | 1.02 | 0.68, 1.54 |
| Some college or greater | 1 | 1 | ||
| Childhood adversities | ||||
| Child abuse | 1.27* | 1.13, 1.42 | 1.26* | 1.12, 1.42 |
| Sexual maltreatment | 1.05* | 1.00, 1.11 | 1.05* | 1.00, 1.11 |
| Economic deprivation | 1.02 | 0.70, 1.49 | 0.98 | 0.67, 1.43 |
| Past-year stressors | ||||
| Social support group problems | 1.79* | 1.19, 2.68 | ||
| Social environmental problems | 1.10 | 0.75, 1.60 | ||
| Occupational problems | 1.18 | 0.80, 1.72 | ||
| Economic problems | 1.45* | 1.03, 2.06 | ||
*
P<0.05