Table 4.
Clinical and psychosocial predictors of the transition to bipolar disorder among participants with past-year MDD, and with lifetime treated MDD, in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
| Analysis sample: Past-Year Cases of Depression at Wave 1 (n=2,585) |
Analysis sample: Lifetime Cases of Depression who Sought Treatment (n=3,798) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: Clinical characteristics of depression and lifetime psychiatric disorders |
Model 2: Childhood adversities and past-year stressors |
Model 3: Clinical characteristics of depression and lifetime psychiatric disorders |
Model 4: Childhood adversities and past-year stressors |
|||||
| OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18-29 | 3.14* | 1.16, 8.52 | 2.84* | 1.03, 7.78 | 5.56* | 2.11, 14.62 | 4.75* | 1.78, 12.70 |
| 30-39 | 4.19* | 1.51, 11.61 | 4.00* | 1.44, 11.12 | 4.51* | 1.74, 11.69 | 4.41* | 1.67, 11.61 |
| 40-49 | 1.50 | 0.54, 4.21 | 1.54 | 0.55, 4.33 | 1.89 | 0.72, 4.94 | 2.06 | 0.78, 5.46 |
| 50-59 | 2.41 | 0.84, 6.94 | 2.05 | 0.72, 5.86 | 2.95* | 1.04, 8.39 | 2.86* | 1.02, 8.03 |
| ≥60 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 0.78 | 0.45, 1.36 | 0.94 | 0.55, 1.61 | 0.98 | 0.61, 1.57 | 1.23 | 0.76, 2.00 |
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Black | 1.55 | 0.81, 2.95 | 1.41 | 0.74, 2.69 | 1.39 | 0.67, 2.87 | 1.16 | 0.57, 2.35 |
| Hispanic | 0.83 | 0.40, 1.71 | 0.63 | 0.30, 1.33 | 1.00 | 0.51, 1.95 | 0.96 | 0.51, 1.83 |
| Other | 0.49 | 0.15, 1.63 | 0.40 | 0.11, 1.38 | 1.27 | 0.54, 2.98 | 1.06 | 0.45, 2.49 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 1.98* | 1.06, 3.68 | 1.40 | 0.73, 2.68 | 1.49 | 0.79, 2.83 | 1.14 | 0.58, 2.24 |
| High school or GED | 1.51 | 0.85, 2.67 | 1.30 | 0.73, 2.33 | 1.11 | 0.64, 1.93 | 1.02 | 0.61, 1.73 |
| Some college or greater | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Clinical characteristics of depression | ||||||||
| Depression onset ≤12 years | 1.85 | 0.95, 3.60 | 1.33 | 0.71, 2.49 | ||||
| First depression onset in the past year | 0.57 | 0.32, 1.03 | 0.81 | 0.40, 1.62 | ||||
| Presence of atypical features | 1.36 | 0.87, 2.14 | 0.94 | 0.65, 1.37 | ||||
| Number of lifetime depressive episodes | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 | ||||
| High family history loading of depression | 0.93 | 0.55, 1.57 | 0.91 | 0.59, 1.39 | ||||
| Lifetime psychiatric disorders | ||||||||
| Panic disorder | 1.04 | 0.60, 1.78 | 1.62* | 1.04, 2.52 | ||||
| Social phobia | 2.08* | 1.19, 3.65 | 2.12* | 1.31, 3.44 | ||||
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.35 | 0.76, 2.41 | 1.60* | 1.00, 2.57 | ||||
| Alcohol dependence | 0.73 | 0.40, 1.31 | 1.22 | 0.73, 2.02 | ||||
| Nicotine dependence | 0.91 | 0.53, 1.58 | 1.15 | 0.72, 1.82 | ||||
| Cannabis abuse or dependence | 2.12* | 1.10, 4.08 | 1.44 | 0.85, 2.43 | ||||
| Other substance dependence | 1.08 | 0.42, 2.80 | 0.75 | 0.33, 1.70 | ||||
| Childhood adversities | ||||||||
| Child abuse | 1.32* | 1.13, 1.54 | 1.26* | 1.06, 1.49 | ||||
| Sexual maltreatment | 1.03 | 0.96, 1.11 | 1.05 | 0.98, 1.12 | ||||
| Economic deprivation | 0.91 | 0.54, 1.51 | 1.00 | 0.63, 1.57 | ||||
| Past-year stressors | ||||||||
| Social support group problems | 1.55 | 0.92, 2.60 | 1.76* | 1.10, 2.83 | ||||
| Social environmental problems | 1.26 | 0.77, 2.06 | 1.11 | 0.71, 1.74 | ||||
| Occupational problems | 1.15 | 0.71, 1.86 | 1.20 | 0.76, 1.91 | ||||
| Economic problems | 1.62* | 1.02, 2.58 | 1.46 | 0.96, 2.21 | ||||
*
P<0.05