. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 May 3;37(12):1198–1209. doi: 10.1111/apt.12325

Table 1.

Necessary conditions for successful SP measurement of GAO.

Conditions	Supporting Evidence
Sufficient gastric residence time	156 min. median emptying (250 mL Ensure SP method)^{39, 42} GAO peaks during first 60 minutes of eating⁴⁶
Accounts for pre-test residual gastric acid	approximately 20 mL in healthy subjects⁴⁷
Wide secretion range measurement	SP measures pH from 1 to 9, accuracy of +/- 0.5 pH units, sensitivity 0.05 V/pH Ensure Plus buffering capacity 20-24 mmol/L/ΔpH^{48, 49}
Accuracy in diverse populations	No significant difference in gastric emptying rates by gender^50-52 No consensus on gastric emptying rates of elderly^{50, 53}
Reproducibility	GAO more consistent in stimulated vs. basal state^{54, 55}