Fig. 4.

Fractalkine stimulates cytokines and PGE₂ release in a primary culture of satellite glial cells (SGCs). Isolated and cultured SGCs were incubated with fractalkine (FKN; 1–100 ng/mL). After 6 h, the supernatants were collected, and the concentrations of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β, and (C) PGE₂ were measured. The attached cells were lysed, and protein concentrations were determined for normalization. “*” indicates statistical significance compared with the medium-treated cells (n = 6).