Table 1.
Studied in CV Development | Studied in CV Disease | Well-studied Players in CV System | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Histone Modifying Enzymes | Extensive | Extensive | HDAC: Class I,II HAT: p300, CBP HMT: PRC2,, MLL HDM: Jumonji domain-containing proteins |
Extensive KD/OE and pharmacological studies (105) Limited understanding for genomic distribution of specific modifications and target loci |
Histone Variants | Limited | Moderate | H2A.z | Variants expressed in the heart identified (25) but only a few understood mechanistically (26) |
Histone Post-translational Modifications | Moderate | Moderate | Acetylation, Methylation | Global positioning analyzed by ChIP-seq (20, 21, 23) Proteomic analyses of PTM abundance, PTM combinations, and PTM interactions with “reader” proteins are still necessary |
Non-nucleosomal Structural Proteins | Limited | Moderate | HMGA, HMGB | Some structural proteins have been well-studied in other systems, but their functions have yet to be addressed in the heart (25, 27) |
ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodelers | Moderate | Moderate | Brg1, BAF complex | Members of major families studied in the heart (79, 80), though disease studies in this field are still incomplete |
DNA Methylation | Moderate | Moderate | meC, Dnmt | Some loci specific studies (106) Few global studies (48) |
Noncoding RNA | Extensive | Extensive | miRNAs | Specific miRNAs studied extensively (53, 54) for transcriptional regulation, but the role of noncoding RNA for regulating chromatin structure is needed (60, 61, 107) |
Nucleosome Positioning | Limited | Limited | - | Emerging field in chromatin biology not yet explored in the heart |
Chromatin Conformation | Limited | Limited | Enhancers and chromatin loops | Studies in the heart of this type are recent and include measuring long-range interactions (89) and nuclear organization by microscopy (108) |