TABLE 2.
Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals)/Standardized Beta Weights for Associations Between ADHD Symptom Indexes and Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms
| Outcome | Predictor Total ADHD symptoms Single model OR/β (99% CI) | ADHD-IN symptoms Single model OR/β (99% CI) | Combined model OR/β (99% CI) | ADHD-IN symptoms Single model OR/β (99% CI) | Combined model OR/ßβ (99% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Withdrawal symptoms | |||||
| Feel depressed | 1.10** (1.02–1.19) | 1.14*** (1.06–1.22) | 1.16*** (1.07–1.26) | NS | NS |
| Have difficulty falling or staying asleep | 1.11** (1.02–1.19) | 1.09* (1.01–1.17) | NS | 1.09* (1.01–1.18) | NS |
| Have difficulty concentrating | 1.13*** (1.04–1.21) | 1.16*** (1.08–1.25) | 1.18*** (1.08–1.29) | NS | NS |
| Eat more than usual or gain weight | 1.11*** (1.04–1.18) | 1.10*** (1.04–1.16) | NS | 1.09** (1.02–1.15) | NS |
| Become easily irritated, angry, or frustrated | 1.13*** (1.06–1.21) | 1.13*** (1.06–1.21) | 1.10** (1.02–1.19) | 1.11*** (1.04–1.18) | NS |
| Feel anxious or nervous | 1.15*** (1.07–1.22) | 1.14*** (1.07–1.22) | 1.11** (1.03–1.20) | 1.11*** (1.04–1.18) | NS |
| Heartbeat more slowly than usual | 1.27***(1.14–1.42) | 1.23*** (1.11–1.36) | 1.15* (1.02–1.29) | 1.23*** (1.11–1.37) | 1.14* (1.01–1.29) |
| Feel more restless than usual | 1.15*** (1.08–1.23) | 1.13*** (1.06–1.20) | 1.09* (1.01–1.18) | 1.11*** (1.04–1.19) | NS |
| Total withdrawal | 0.06*** | 0.06*** | 0.05*** | 0.05*** | NS |
OR = odds ratio. CI = confidence interval. β = standardized beta weights. ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
ORs illustrate the increase in odds of endorsing the outcome variable associated with each increase in one standard deviation in the index symptom domain.
Total ADHD Symptoms = total number of ADHD symptoms endorsed (out of 18 possible symptoms).
ADHD-IN Symptoms = total number of ADHD inattentive symptoms endorsed (out of 9 possible symptoms).
ADHD-HI Symptoms = total number of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms endorsed (out of 9 possible symptoms).
Total Withdrawal = total number of withdrawal symptoms endorsed (out of 8 possible symptoms).
All models adjusted for sex, marital status, age, ethnicity/race, income, education, any substance use disorder (alcohol included), lifetime mood disorder, lifetime anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, lifetime nicotine dependence, quantity of cigarettes usually smoked per day, and age of first full cigarette. Single model includes respective ADHD symptom index as the sole predictor. Combined model includes both ADHD-IN and ADHD-HI symptom scores as simultaneous predictors. Ns for withdrawal symptoms range from 14,311 to 14,717 as a result of missing data for those symptoms. NS = non-significant.
p < .01;
p < .001;
p < .0001