Table 3.

Characteristics of the included studies

Authors	Year	Country	Methods studied	Model	Participants
Helm et al [48]	2012	Germany	PCK, Surg	Human cadavers	30 first year anaesthesiology residents
Helmstaedter et al [29]	2012	Germany	Airf, PCK, QT1, QT2, Trqu, Surg, Need	Airway model (Frova Crico-Trainer)	20 anaesthesiologists and anaesthesiology residents
Givens et al [30]	2011	USA	Mlkr, QT1	Manikin (Air-Man) (in a confined area)	20 emergency medicine residents
Metterlein et al [31]	2011	Germany	Mlkr, QT2	Cadavers of adult sheep	2 anaesthesiologists
Murphy et al [32]	2011	Ireland	Mlkr, PCK, QT2, Surg	Dead pig laryngeal model	20 anaesthesiologists
Hill et al [22]	2010	USA	RFST, BACT	Anaesthetised sheep	21 emergency medicine residents and students
Salah et al [33]	2010	Ireland	Mini, QT2, Surg, Need	Airway model (Bill I)	21 anaesthesiologists
Mariappa et al [34]	2009	Australia	Mlkr, PCK, Surg	Manikin (Portex)	4 intensive care unit physicians
Schober et al [25]	2009	Germany	Mlkr, QT1, Surg, Csci	Human cadavers	63 5th year medical students
Benkhadra et al [35]	2008	Austria	Mlkr, PCK	Human cadavers	2 anaesthesiologists
Dimitriadis and Paoloni [36]	2008	Australia	Mlkr, Mini, QT1, Surg	Airway model (locally designed)	23 emergency medicine physicians
Assmann et al [37]	2007	Canada	Mlkr, PCK	Manikin (Nasco cricothyrotomy simulator)	64 anaesthesiologists
Sulaiman et al [38]	2006	United Kingdom	Mlkr, Surg	Airway model (Bill I)	27 anaesthesiologists
Schaumann et al [39]	2005	Austria	Arnd, Surg	Human cadavers	20 emergency medicine physicians
Fikkers et al [40]	2004	The Netherlands	Mini, QT1	Dead pig laryngeal model	10 anaesthesiology residents and 10 ENT residents
Keane et al [41]	2004	USA	Mlkr, Surg	Dead pig laryngeal model	22 paramedics
Vadodaria et al [42]	2004	United Kingdom	Mlkr, Pati, QT1, Trac	Manikin (METI)	10 anaesthesiologists
Mutzbauer et al [43]	2003	Germany	Surg, Need	Human cadavers	18 anaesthesiology residents and 2 students
Davis et al [44]	2000	USA	Bair, Surg	Human cadavers	5 emergency medicine physicians
Eisenburger et al [45]	2000	Austria	Arnd, Surg	Human cadavers	20 intensive care unit physicians
Bair and Sakles [24]	1999	USA	Surg, Bair	Anaesthetised sheep	10 emergency medicine residents
Chan et al [46]	1999	USA	Mlkr, Surg	Human cadavers	15 emergency medicine attendants and residents
Holmes et al [21]	1998	USA	Surg, RFST	Human cadavers	28 emergency medicine interns and residents, 4 students
Johnson et al [47]	1993	USA	Pert, Surg	Human cadavers	44 paramedic students