Table 4.

Time consumption and success rates for the various emergency cricothyrotomy methods

Method	Authors	Time		Median or mean?	Time (sec)	Failure limit (sec)	Variation		Rank in individ. study (time)	Participants		Success rate (%)
		Start	Stop				Measure	Value(s) (sec)		Success	Total
Arnd	Schaumann et al [39]	NR	T3	Mean	7.9	-	SD	11	1/2	82	93	88
			T5		98.7			58.3
			T8		108.6			59.5
	Eisenburger et al [45]	NR	T3	Mean	8	-	SD	7	1/2	12	20	60
			T5		30			28
			T8		100			46
Mlkr	Givens et al [30]	T4	T6	Mean	108.5	-	Range	[59.1-219.4]	2/2	20	20	100
	Metterlein et al [31]	T1	T5	Median	14	180	IQR	[11-16]	2/2	8	8	100
		T5	T8		53			[52-55.8]
	Murphy et al [32]	T4	T8	Median	94	300	IQR	[77-132]	3/4	20	20	100
	Mariappa et al [34]	T3	T8	Median	50	-	IQR	[40-56.3]	2/3	20	20	100
	Benkhadra et al [35]	T5	T7	Median	71	300	95% CI	[60-92]	2/2	19	20	95
	Dimitriadis and Paoloni [36]	NR	T5	Median	28	210	IQR	[25-42]	4/4	17	23	74
			T6		123			[97-210]
			T8		126			[102-210]
	Schober et al [25]	T2	T8	Median	135	-	IQR	[116-307]	4/4	10	14	71
	Assmann et al [37]	T2	T8	Mean	42.3	-	SD	12.5	2/2	298	320	93
	Sulaiman et al [38]	T4	T8	Mean	87.2	-	SD	21.6	2/2	25	27	93
	Keane et al [41]	T5	T6	Mean	122.7	-	SD	48.4	2/2	20	22	91
	Vadodaria et al [42]	NR	NR	Median	38	300	Range	[30-54]	1/4	10	10	100
	Chan et al [46]	T5	T6	Mean	74.7	-	95% CI	[63.2-86.2]	2/2	14	15	93
Mini	Salah et al [33]	NR	T8	Mean	123	40	SD	46	4/4	0	21	0
	Dimitriadis and Paoloni [36]	NR	T5	Median	21	210	IQR	[16-30]	2/4	23	23	100
			T6		41			[36-48]
			T8		48			[40-55]
	Fikkers et al [40]	T4	T5	Mean	20.8	240	SD	8.8	2/2	17	20	85
		T5	T8		149.7			44.2
Airf	Helmstaedter et al [29]	T4	T7	Median	15.1	-	Range	[9.9-22.2]	4/7	20	20	100
			T8		22.8			[14.3-33.2]
Pati	Vadodaria et al [42]	NR	NR	Median	123	300	Range	[74-147]	4/4	8	10	80
Pert	Johnson et al [47]	NR	T8	Mean	148	-	SD	96	2/2	32	44	73
PCK	Helm et al [48]	T3	T6	Median	104	-	Range	[51-170]	2/2	10	15	67
	Helmstaedter et al [29]	T4	T7	Median	29.6	-	Range	[15.9-49.1]	7/7	20	20	100
			T8		46.7			[37-67.3]
	Murphy et al [32]	T4	T8	Median	181.5	300	IQR	[71-300]	4/4	12	20	60
	Mariappa et al [34]	T3	T8	Median	62.5	-	IQR	[41.3-150]	3/3	6	20	30
	Benkhadra et al [35]	T5	T7	Median	54	300	95% CI	[47-68]	1/2	16	20	80
	Assmann et al [37]	T2	T8	Mean	32.6	-	SD	14.9	1/2	304	320	95
QT1	Helmstaedter et al [29]	T4	T7	Median	13.3	-	Range	[5.5-34.2]	3/7	20	20	100
			T8		21.1			[14.5-32.4]
	Givens et al [30]	T4	T6	Mean	23.9	-	Range	[8.5-63.6]	1/2	20	20	100
	Dimitriadis and Paoloni [36]	NR	T5	Median	24	210	IQR	[20-26]	2/4	23	23	100
			T6		40			[30-58]
			T8		48			[36-75]
	Schober et al [25]	T2	T8	Median	74	-	IQR	[48-145]	2/4	14	17	82
	Fikkers et al [40]	T4	T5	Mean	13.3	240	SD	6	1/2	19	20	95
		T5	T8		47.9			19.6
	Vadodaria et al [42]	NR	NR	Median	51	300	Range	[42-73]	2/4	10	10	100
QT2	Helmstaedter et al [29]	T4	T7	Median	16.9	-	Range	[10.5-36.2]	5/7	20	20	100
			T8		29.9			[25-50.5]
	Metterlein et al [31]	T1	T5	Median	15	180	IQR	[12-16]	1/2	5	8	63
		T5	T8		32			[29-33.5]
	Murphy et al [32]	T4	T8	Median	52	300	IQR	[38-77]	1/4	19	20	95
	Salah et al [33]	NR	T8	Mean	72	40	SD	47	3/4	9	21	43
Trqu	Helmstaedter et al [29]	T4	T7	Median	13.5	-	Range	[4.6-29.5]	2/7	20	20	100
			T8		20.2			[11.4-44.7]
Surg	Helm et al [48]	T3	T6	Median	95	-	Range	[43-165]	1/2	15	15	100
	Helmstaedter et al [29]	T4	T7	Median	23.4	-	Range	[16.2-53.2]	6/7	20	20	100
			T8		35.4			[30-61.8]
	Murphy et al [32]	T4	T8	Median	59	300	IQR	[41-127]	2/4	19	29	95
	Salah et al [33]	NR	T8	Mean	47	40	SD	16	1/4	14	21	67
	Mariappa et al [34]	T3	T8	Median	47	-	IQR	[41-55]	1/3	11	20	55
	Dimitriadis and Paoloni [36]	NR	T5	Median	15	210	IQR	[10-18]	1/4	23	23	100
			T6		32			[27-60]
			T8		34			[31-68]
	Schober et al [25]	T2	T8	Median	78	-	IQR	[54-135]	3/4	17	18	94
	Sulaiman et al [38]	T4	T8	Mean	44.3	-	SD	12.5	1/2	23	27	85
	Schaumann et al [39]	NR	T3	Mean	8.2	-	SD	9.7	2/2	79	94	84
			T5		119.2			61.2
			T8		136.6			66.3
	Keane et al [41]	T5	T6	Mean	29	-	SD	14.3	1/2	20	20	100
	Mutzbauer et al [43]	T2	T8	Median	73	-	IQR	[60-95]	2/2	9	10	90
	Davis et al [44]	NR	NR	Mean	51.6	-	95% CI	[44.2-59.0]	2/2	NR	NR	100
	Eisenburger et al [45]	NR	T3	Mean	7	-	SD	9	2/2	14	20	70
			T5		46			37
			T8		102			42
	Bair and Sakles [24]	T5	T8	Median	87	-	IQR	[58-116]	2/2	NR	NR	100
	Chan et al [46]	T5	T6	Mean	72.8	-	95% CI	[49.8-95.7]	1/2	13	15	87
	Holmes et al [21]	T5	T7	Mean	133.8	-	SD	93.4	2/2	30	32	94
				Median	114		IQR	[74-154]
	Johnson et al [47]	NR	T8	Mean	55	-	SD	35	1/2	38	44	86
RFST	Hill et al [22]	T2	T7	Median	149	300	IQR	[111-201]	2/2	8	11	73
	Holmes et al [21]	T5	T7	Mean	43.2	-	SD	44.6	1/2	28	32	88
				Median	32		IQR	[24-42]
BACT	Hill et al [22]	T2	T7	Median	67	300	IQR	[55-82]	1/2	9	10	90
Bair	Bair and Sakles [24]	T5	T8	Median	35	-	IQR	[24-46]	1/2	NR	NR	100
	Davis et al [44]	NR	NR	Mean	33.3	-	95% CI	[29.8-36.8]	1/2	NR	NR	100
Csci	Schober et al [25]	T2	T8	Median	60	-	IQR	[42-82]	1/4	14	14	100
Need	Helmstaedter et al [29]	T4	T7	Median	10.6	-	Range	[5.5-23.1]	1/7	20	20	100
			T8		19.2			[10.8-27.8]
	Salah et al [33]	NR	T8	Mean	56	40	SD	35	2/4	7	21	33
	Mutzbauer et al [43]	T2	T8	Median	25	-	IQR	[20-30]	1/2	9	10	90
Trac	Vadodaria et al [42]	NR	NR	Median	102	300	Range	[75-116]	3/4	10	10	100

See text for an explanation of the abbreviations for the interventions. Time points used to measure the duration of the cricothyrotomies: T1: Decides to perform the intervention; T2: Starts to palpate the neck; T3: Identifies the cricothyroid space; T4: Unwraps the device; T5: Performs the first incision or puncture; T6: Inserts the device; T7: Secures the device; T8: Performs the first ventilation; NR: Not reported in paper. Methods employed to measure variability: SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; CI: Confidence interval. Failure limit: The attempt to establish an emergency cricothyrotomy is defined as a failure if this time limit is exceeded (“–“indicates that no time limit is defined).