Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants from the Leiden 85-plus Study (n = 570), depending on cardiovascular history
| Total | CVD history | p for trenda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 570 (100) | None 270 (47.4) | Minor 128 (22.4) | Major 172 (30.2) | ||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
| Women | 379 (67) | 195 (72) | 93 (73) | 91 (53) | <0.001 |
| Net monthly income >750€ | 276 (49) | 147 (55) | 52 (41) | 77 (45) | 0.058 |
| Post primary school education | 197 (35) | 104 (39) | 41 (32) | 52 (31) | 0.091 |
| Noninstitutionalized living | 467 (82) | 229 (85) | 105 (82) | 133 (77) | 0.048 |
| Functional status | |||||
| Cognitive function (MMSE) | 26 (22–28) | 27 (24–29) | 26 (23–28) | 25 (19–28) | <0.001 |
| ADL disability | 10 (9–15) | 10 (9–13) | 10 (9–15) | 10 (9–16) | 0.009 |
| Subjective well-being (Cantril) b | 8 (7–9) | 8 (6–9) | 8 (7–8) | 8 (7–9) | 0.177 |
| Depressive symptoms (GDS) b | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 0.636 |
| Cardiovascular characteristics | |||||
| Classic risk factors | |||||
| Hypertension c | 325 (58) | 134 (50) | 87 (68) | 104 (64) | 0.003 |
| RR systolic, mmHg | 154 (143–166) | 155 (144–166) | 154 (142–168) | 153 (141–166) | 0.332 |
| Hypercholesterolemia d | 123 (22) | 59 (22) | 30 (24) | 34 (22) | 0.928 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.7 (4.9–6.4) | 5.7 (5.0–6.4) | 5.8 (4.9–6.4) | 5.6 (4.8–6.3) | 0.320 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 27 (24–30) | 27 (25–30) | 27 (24–31) | 26 (24–29) | 0.096 |
| Diabetes e | 89 (16) | 38 (14) | 19 (15) | 32 (20) | 0.151 |
| Smoking f | 267 (49) | 122 (46) | 54 (42) | 91 (58) | 0.029 |
| Medication use | |||||
| Blood pressure lowering drugs g | 316 (57) | 111 (42) | 92 (72) | 113 (71) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulants/aspirin | 162 (28) | 28 (10) | 46 (36) | 88 (51) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 6 (1) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1.6) | 3 (1.7) | 0.15 |
| Cardiovascular history | |||||
| Angina | 109 (19) | 0 | 60 (48) | 49 (29) | |
| Transient ischemic attack | 75 (13) | 0 | 40 (31) | 35 (21) | |
| Intermittent claudication | 37 (7) | 0 | 12 (10) | 25 (15) | |
| Heart failure | 74 (13) | 0 | 36 (28) | 38 (22) | |
| Myocardial infarction | 99 (17) | 0 | 0 | 99 (58) | |
| Stroke | 61 (11) | 0 | 0 | 61 (36) | |
| Surgery for arterial disease h | 42 (7) | 0 | 0 | 42 (25) | |
Data presented as n (%) for categorical variables, and median (IQR) for continuous variables
CVD = cardiovascular disease; No CVD = participants with no history of CVD; Minor CVD = participants with a history of angina, transient ischemic attack, intermittent claudication or heart failure; Major CVD = participants with a history of myocardial infarction, stroke or surgery for arterial disease ; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination (range 0-30); ADL = basic activities of daily living (range 9-36); Cantril = Cantril’s ladder of life (range 0–10); GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale (range 0–15)
aChi-square test for categorical variables and Jonckheere-Terpstra for continuous variables;
bassessed only in participants with MMSE >18; c RR ≥160 systolic at baseline or a history of hypertension; d total cholesterol ≥6.5 at baseline or statin use; e history of diabetes, antidiabetic medication use or non-fasting glucose ≥11 mmol/L; f current or past smoker; g use of β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics or calciumchannel blockers as reported by the participants pharmacists
haorta, carotid, coronary or peripheral arteries