Table 1.
Characteristics of Female and Male Participants at Baseline and Follow-up
| Women (N = 321) |
Men (N = 309) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Baseline | Follow-up | Change | Baseline | Follow-up | Change |
| Anthropometrics measurements | ||||||
| Age (y) | 40.6 ± 13.5 | 52.1 ± 14.4 | 11.5 (11.0–12.0)*** | 40.7 ± 14.0 | 51.9 ± 15.0 | 11.2 (10.7–11.8)*** |
| Height (cm) | 162.2 ± 6.5 | 162.1 ± 6.7 | −0.103 (–0.374 to 0.167) | 175.2 ± 7.21 | 175.2 ± 7.21 | 0.054 (−0.386 to 0.476) |
| Weight (kg) | 64.8 ± 12.2 | 68.4 ± 12.7 | 3.57 (2.72–4.42)*** | 78.6 ± 11.91 | 81.7 ± 11.21 | 3.19 (2.34–4.04)*** |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) |
24.6 ± 4.3 | 26.0 ± 4.4 | 1.39 (1.09–1.69)*** | 25.6 ± 3.61 | 26.6 ± 3.51 | 1.06 (0.81–1.30)*** |
| Urinary measurements | ||||||
| Volume (L/d) | 1.63 ± 0.67 | 1.80 ± 0.64 | 0.162 (0.083–0.241)*** | 1.50 ± 0.571 | 1.76 ± 0.70 | 0.259 (0.17–0.343)*** |
| Sodium concentration (mmol/L) |
101.3 ± 47.4 | 88.4 ± 38.1 | −12.9 (−18.2 to –7.57)*** | 133.6 ± 49.71 | 122.7 ± 47.11 | −10.9 (−17.1 to −4.64)** |
| Sodium excretion (mmol/d) |
147.2 ± 56.3 | 146.7 ± 59.2 | −0.467 (−8.226 to 7.291) | 186.8 ± 71.71 | 197.3 ± 72.71 | 10.6 (0.7–20.5)* |
| Creatinine concentration (mmol/L) |
6.76 ± 2.85 | 6.04 ± 3.09 | −0.716 (−1.067 to −0.365)*** | 10.8 ± 4.21 | 9.71 ± 4.381 | −1.06 (−1.63 to −0.49)** |
| Creatinine excretion (mmol/d) |
9.61 ± 2.28 | 9.52 ± 3.00 | −0.089 (−0.433 to 0.254) | 14.4 ± 3.51 | 14.8 ± 4.21 | 0.453 (−0.060 to 0.966) |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) |
5.42 ± 1.16 | 5.41 ± 1.01 | −0.010 (−0.132 to −0.112) | 5.33 ± 1.10 | 5.16 ± 0.921 | −0.165 (−0.286 to −0.044)** |
| Smoking [n (%)] | 88 (27.4) | 80 (24.9) | −2.49 (−4.92 to −0.06)* | 81 (26.2) | 77 (24.9) | −1.29 (−3.48 to 0.90) |
| Drinking alcohol [n (%)] |
50 (15.6) | 101 (31.5) | 15.9 (11.4–20.4)*** | 125 (40.4)1 | 173 (56.0)1 | 15.5 (9.5–21.5)*** |
| Hypertension [n (%)] |
38 (11.8) | 68 (21.2) | 9.35 (5.43–13.3)*** | 75 (24.3)1 | 106 (34.3)1 | 10.0 (5.5–14.5)*** |
| Treatment for hypertension [n (%)] |
22 (6.8) | 38 (11.8) | 4.98 (2.04–7.92)*** | 19 (6.1) | 40 (12.9) | 6.80 (4.00–9.60)*** |
Values are mean (±SD), number of subjects (%), or mean changes from baseline to follow-up (95% confidence interval). Hypertension was a blood pressure (mean of 5 consecutive readings) of at least 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic, or use of antihypertensive drugs.
1
Indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05) with women.
*
Significance of the change from baseline to follow-up: P < 0.05;
**
P < 0.01;
***
P < 0.001.