Table 1.

Performance across the lifespan on measures of executive function

First Author	Age (N)	Findings
Lehto, Juujarvi, Kooistra, & Pulkkinen, 2003	8–13 (108)	TMTa: B > A for completion times for each age group, no age effects
Yeudall et al., 1987	15–40 (225)	TMTa: B > A for completion times for each age group, age effects   for B time but not A
Tombaugh, 2004	18–89 (911)	TMTa: B > A for completion times for each age group, gradual increase   in B time starting at ages 65–69
Chelune and Baer, 1986	6–12 (105)	WCSTa: PE decreased with age but was indistinguishable from adult   norms at ages 10–12
Fisk and Sharp, 2004	20–85 (95)	WCSTa: r = .24 between age and PE
Hartman et al., 2001	younger (85) and older (76)   adults	WCSTa: older adults (mean age 70) made more PE and completed fewer   categories than college students
Haaland et al., 1987	64–87 (75)	WCSTa: healthy older adults (ages 80–87) completed fewer categories   and made more errors relative to ages 64–69
Huizinga et al., 2006	7–21 (384)	WCSTb: PE and categories completed decreased across ages   ToL b: additional moves decrease with age up to 15, 15-and 21-year-olds   equivalent
Korkman et al., 2001	5–12 (800)	ToLa: improvement from ages 5 to 9
Malloy-Diniz et al., 2008	5–8 (371)	ToLa: improvement across ages tested
Lehto et al., 2003	8–13 (108)	ToLb: improvement across ages tested
DeLuca et al., 2003	8–64 (194)	ToLb: optimal performance at ages 20–29 compared with ages 8–10 or 50–64

Note. TMT, Halstead–Reitan Trail Making Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; PE, perseverative errors; ToL, Tower of London

^aphysical

^bcomputerizedversion