Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted risk factors of incident heart failure
| Overall Heart Failure (512 events/12,631 examinations) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age, per year | 1.10 | (1.09–1.11) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 0.76 | (0.62–0.93) | 0.01 |
| Clinical | |||
| Hypertension | 1.58 | (1.26–1.98) | < 0.001 |
| Body-mass index, per 4.7 kg/m2 | 1.16 | (1.05–1.27) | 0.002 |
| Heart rate, per 12 bpm | 1.28 | (1.19–1.38) | < 0.001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 2.25 | (1.71–2.96) | < 0.001 |
| Prior coronary heart disease | 1.70 | (1.37–2.12) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.50 | (2.03–3.08) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 1.64 | (1.28–2.01) | < 0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 3.17 | (2.31–4.36) | < 0.001 |
| HDL, per 15.6 mg/dl | 0.83 | (0.75–0.93) | 0.001 |
| ECG criteria | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.89 | (1.42–2.51) | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 2.30 | (1.85–2.85) | < 0.001 |
| Left bundle branch block | 2.48 | (1.47–4.19) | < 0.001 |
Hazard ratios are per 1 standard deviation change in continuous variables, and for the presence vs. absence of dichotomous variables. Variables considered but not included in the multivariable model included: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cerebrovascular disease, total cholesterol, right bundle branch block. All covariates listed in Table 1 were considered in a stepwise selection model with retention of covariates at p < 0.0025.