Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusted risk factors of HFPEF and HFREF
| HFPEF (196 events/12,631 examinations) | HFREF (261 events/12,631 examinations) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, per year | 1.13 | (1.11–1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.08 | (1.06–1.09) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 1.14 | (0.85–1.53) | 0.4 | 0.48 | (0.37–0.63) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.76 | (1.28–2.41) | < 0.001 | |||
| Heart rate, per 12 bpm | 1.32 | (1.19–1.48) | < 0.001 | |||
| Prior myocardial infarction | 3.49 | (2.48–4.90) | < 0.001 | |||
| Prior coronary heart disease | 1.73 | (1.27–2.34) | < 0.001 | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.96 | (1.34–2.86) | < 0.001 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.88 | (2.05–4.05) | < 0.001 | 2.91 | (2.21–3.85) | < 0.001 |
| Body-mass index, per 4.7 kg/m2 | 1.41 | (1.23–1.61) | < 0.001 | |||
| Current smoker | 2.04 | (1.39–2.99) | < 0.001 | |||
| Valvular disease | 4.88 | (3.05–7.82) | < 0.001 | 2.44 | (1.48–4.04) | < 0.001 |
| ECG criteria | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.47 | (1.57–3.89) | < 0.001 | |||
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 2.73 | (2.04–3.65) | < 0.001 | |||
| Left bundle branch block | 3.41 | (1.78–6.52) | < 0.001 | |||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HFPEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFREF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio;
All covariates listed in Table 1 were considered in a stepwise selection model with retention of covariates at p < 0.0025.