Figure 2.

CDC pore-dependent signaling responses. A schematic of the different signaling responses activated by CDC damage. CDC intoxicated cells activate the inflammasome, stimulating the release of IL-1β. CDC perforated cells also secrete TNFα. Calcium is released by the ER and the UPR is activated in response to intoxication. CDC treatment results in loss of mitrochondrial membrane potential and transient fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. IL-8 is secreted in a MAPK and NF-κB dependent manner.