Table 1.

Pore-independent cellular responses to CDC treatment.

Response	Outcome	Toxin	Reference
Translocation of a bacterial effector	Hydrolysis of NAD+	SLO	[2]
Lipid raft fusion	Tyrosine phosphorylation	LLO	[25]
IFNy secretion	Inflammation	PLY	[5]
iNOS production	Anti-microbial	PLY	[5]
Histone dephosphorylation	Transcriptional modification	LLO	[71]
Vaccine adjuvant	Improved tumor clearance	LLO	[97]
MHC presentation	Adaptive immunity	LLO	[96]