Table 1.

Effects of Se compounds on metastasis (migration, invasion, and angiogenesis).

Se compounds	Studies	Cancer/cells	Function	Reference
MSA	in vitro	HUVEC	reduce MMP-2, apoptosis	[9,30]
	in vitro	human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7	reduce VEGF	[8]
	in vitro	human prostate cancer cells, DU145	reduce VEGF	[8]
	mice	human prostate cancer cells, DU145	reduce tumor growth and angiogenesis	[31]
	rat	rat prostate cancer cells, PAIII	reduce HIF-1α, and VEGF, reduce metastatic lung foci	[32]
	in vitro	human fibrosarcoma cell, HT1080	inhibit cell invasion, inhibit MMP-2 activation, reduce MT1-MMP and increase TIMP-2	[9]
	mice	Lewis lung carcinoma cell	reduce lung metastasis, reduce plasma uPAand PAI-1	[33]
	in vitro	human clear cell renal cell carcinoma, RC2	reduce HIF-1α, and VEGF	[34]
	in vitro	human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, FaDu	reduce HIF-1α, and VEGF, increase prolyl hroxylases	[35]
MSC	in vitro	murine breast cancer cells, TM6	inhibit migration	[36]
	rat	carcinogen-induced breast cancer	reduce angiogenesis	[37]
	mice	human breast cancer cells, MCF-7	reduce angiogenesis	[38]
	mice	human colon cancer cells, HCT-8, HT-29 and GEO	reduce angiogenesis	[39,40]
	mice	human small cell lung cancer, H69	reduce microvessel density, increase vascular maturation	[41]
	mice	human nonsmall epithelial lung carcinimo, A549	increase vascular maturation	[41]
	mice	human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, FaDu	reduce COX-2, iNOS, HIF-1α, and VEGF, reduce microvessel density, increase vascular maturation, drug delivery and distribution	[35,42,43]
	mice	human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, A253	reduce microvessel density, increase vascular maturation, drug delivery and distribution	[41]
SeM	mice	murine breast cancer cells, 4T1.2	most protection against metastasis	[44]
	mice	melanoma	reduce lung metastasis	[45]
MeCN	in vitro	HUVEC	reduce MMP-2	[9]
methylselenol	in vitro	human fibrosarcoma cell, HT1080	reduce cell migration and invasion, decrease expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, increase TIMP1 and TIMP2	[46]
selenite	in vitro	HUVEC	apoptosis	[30]
	in vitro	mammaery endothelial cells	reduce VEGF	[47]
	rat	carcinogen-induced breast cancer	inhibit VEGF, reduce angiogenesis	[37]
	in vitro	human fibrosarcoma cell, HT1080	reduce cell migration, reduce cell-ECM attachment, reduce MMP-2, MMP-9 and uPA, increase TIMP-1	[48]
	mice	murine melanoma cell, B16BL6	reduce lung metastasis	[49]
	mice	murine melanoma cell, B16F10	reduce lung metastasis	[50]
	in vitro	murine melanoma cell, B16F10	inhibit cell migration decrease HIF-1α, VEGF, and IL-18	[51]
	rat	carcinogen-indeced liver cancer	reduce angiogenesis, inhibit angiogenic factors	[41]
	in vitro	human astrocytoma cell, IPSB-18	reduce MMPs amd EGFR, increase MMP inhibitors	[52]
selenate	in vitro	human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7	enhance epithelial tight junction, inhibit motility and trans-endothelial invasion	[53]
Se-enriched garlic	rat	carcinogen-induced breast cancer	inhibit VEGF, reduce angiogenesis	[37]
high Se isolated soy proteins	mice	murine melanoma cell, B16BL6	reduce lung metastasis	[54]
Se-enriched malt	rat	carcinogen-indeced liver cancer	reduce angiogenesis, inhibit angiogenic factors	[41,55]