Table 1.
Comparisons of demographic, anthropometric, and serum biochemical parameters, MCEISS, and MCEILS among different subject populations.
| Parameters | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 26.56 ± 9.60 | 58.19 ± 8.29** | 62.74 ± 0.55 | 60.58 ± 7.68 |
| Body height, cm | 169.38 ± 7.92 | 162.83 ± 6.85** | 161.56 ± 8.97 | 161.17 ± 7.28 |
| Body weight, kg | 66.38 ± 12.21 | 65.22 ± 11.55 | 69.40 ± 11.37 | 73.75 ± 14.86 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.02 ± 3.27 | 24.55 ± 3.90 | 26.52 ± 3.21† | 28.42 ± 5.47 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 81.20 ± 11.09 | 82.94 ± 11.00 | 93.33 ± 9.37†† | 97.46 ± 3.77 |
| SBP, mmHg | 116.50 ± 12.89 | 115.67 ± 14.12 | 128.32 ± 16.08†† | 128.46 ± 16.36 |
| DBP, mmHg | 71.44 ± 6.70 | 74.75 ± 9.93 | 75.58 ± 9.63 | 78.21 ± 9.89 |
| PP, mmHg | 42.97 ± 0.96 | 40.92 ± 9.29 | 52.74 ± 14.34†† | 50.25 ± 13.12 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.43 ± 0.32 | 5.84 ± 0.34** | 6.74 ± 0.62†† | 9.36 ± 1.59‡‡ |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 88.88 ± 62.54 | 114.06 ± 88.15 | 120.87 ± 47.74 | 168.04 ± 98.43‡ |
| Fasting blood sugar, mg/dL | 93.13 ± 6.96 | 97.78 ± 14.69 | 127.27 ± 24.75†† | 183.96 ± 58.66‡‡ |
| MEISS(RRI) | 9.31 ± 0.54 | 8.54 ± 0.78 | 8.00 ± 1.08† | 7.64 ± 0.81 |
| MEILS(RRI) | 27.11 ± 2.16 | 26.38 ± 2.07 | 25.59 ± 2.89 | 25.45 ± 3.25 |
| MEISS(PTT) | 9.97 ± 0.38 | 9.90 ± 0.40 | 9.85 ± 0.56 | 9.50 ± 1.41 |
| MEILS(PTT) | 26.73 ± 2.40 | 23.86 ± 3.71** | 21.65 ± 2.55† | 21.06 ± 4.92 |
| MCEISS | 10.18 ± 0.52 | 9.42 ± 0.70** | 9.41 ± 0.62 | 9.25 ± 0.39 |
| MCEILS | 28.30 ± 1.26 | 25.96 ± 1.99** | 23.14 ± 1.85†† | 20.13 ± 1.73‡‡ |
Group 1: healthy young subjects, Group 2: healthy upper middle-aged subjects, Group 3: type 2 diabetic well-controlled patients, Group 4: type 2 diabetic poorly controlled patients. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; MEISS(RRI): R-R interval-based multiscale entropy index with small scale; MEILS(RRI): R-R interval-based multiscale entropy index with large scale; MEISS(PTT): pulse transit time-based multiscale entropy index with small scale; MEILS(PTT): pulse transit time-based multiscale entropy index with large scale; MCEISS: multiscale Co_ApEnRRI′(τ)PTT′(τ)(τ) index with small scale; MCEILS: multiscale Co_ApEnRRI′(τ)PTT′(τ)(τ) index with large scale.
† P < 0.05 Group 2 versus Group 3, ‡ P < 0.05 Group 3 versus Group 4. **P < 0.01 Group 1 versus Group 2, †† P < 0.01 Group 2 versus Group 3, and ‡‡ P < 0.01 Group 3 versus Group 4.