Table 3.
FHA orientation relative to Cardan planes for the axis of rotation of the talocrural (talus relative to tibia), talocalcaneal (calcaneus relative to talus), and talonavicular joint (navicular relative to talus) compared between multiple studies. PF: plantar flexion, DF: dorsiflexion, IN: inversion, EV: eversion, IR: internal rotation, ER: external rotation, NP: neutral position, and FHA: finite helical axes, 1→8: position 1 to position 8.
| Talocrural joint | Motion | Year | Dorsiflexion in sagittal plane, relative to transverse plane (deg) | Inversion in coronal plane, relative to transverse plane (deg) | External rotation in transverse plane, relative to coronal plane (deg) | Rotation about axis (deg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isman | varied | 1968 | – | 10 ± 4 | 6 ± 7 | – |
| Inman | PF → DF | 1976 | – | 7.3 ± 3.6 | – | – |
| Lundberg | NP → PF | 1989 | – | −2 ± 5 | – | 28.5 ± 7.5 |
| van den Bogert | varied | 1994 | – | 4.6 ± 7.4 | 1 ± 15.1 | – |
| Kitaoka a | NP → PF | 1997 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 8.1 | – |
| Sheehan | PF → DF | 2010 | 22 ± 41.7 | 5.5 ± 12.9 | 15.8 ± 12.2 | 31.7 ± 11.3 |
| Current (FHA 1→8) | IR + IN + PF → ER + EV + DF | 2010 | 48.8 ± 10.8 | 17.6 ± 3.3 | 16.1 ± 6.2 | 42.9 ± 4.4 |
| Talocalcaneal joint | Dorsiflexion in sagittal plane, relative to transverse plane (deg) | Inversion in coronal plane, relative to transverse plane (deg) | Internal rotation in transverse plane, relative to sagittal plane (deg) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manter | IR + IN + PF → ER + EV + DF | 1941 | 29 to 47 | – | 15 to 31 b | – |
| Inman | IR + IN + PF → ER + EV + DF | 1976 | 42 ± 9 | – | 23 ± 11 | – |
| van Langelaan | Leg ER relative to foot | 1983 | 41.5 ± N/A | – | 25.8 ± N/A | – |
| Lundberg | NP → PF | 1989 | 32 ± 16 | – | 34 ± 16 | 4.3 ± 1.6 |
| van den Bogert | varied | 1994 | 35.3 ± 4.8 | – | 18 ± 16.2 | – |
| Kitaoka a | NP → IR + IN + PF | 1997 | 37.5 | 57.3 | 26.3 | – |
| Lewis | IN → EV | 2005 | 38.2 ± 6.2 | – | 21.3 ± 3.6 | – |
| Beimers | EV + DF → IN + PF | 2008 | 50.9 ± 4 | – | 11.8 ± 8 | 29.7 ± 5.1 |
| Goto | DF → PF | 2009 | 39 ± 8 | – | 46 ± 7 | 16 ± 3 |
| Sheehan | PF → DF | 2010 | variable | variable | variable | 15.1 ± 9.7 |
| Current (FHA 1→8) | IR + IN + PF → ER + EV + DF | 2010 | 42.8 ± 6.0 | 68.2 ± 5.1 | 20.5 ± 5.2 | 27.0 ± 4.7 |
| Talonavicular joint | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| van Langelaan | Leg ER relative to foot | 1983 | 38.5 | – | 14.1 | – |
| Lundberg | NP → PF | 1989 | 34 ± 12 | – | 42 ± 19 | 7.8 ± 3.2 |
| Current (FHA 1→8) | IR + IN + PF → ER + EV + DF | 2010 | 34.8 ± 6.3 | 76.7 ± 7.0 | 10.1 ± 5.1 | 46.2 ± 7.5 |
a
Calculated from reported unit vectors.
b
7° offset was added to the results of Manter due to differences in how the sagittal plane was defined.