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. 2011 Jun 27;4(3):210–218. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00272.x

Table 3.

Summary of the effects of bile acids on cardiovascular tissue

BA/ligand Tissue/model Effect Signaling/mediator References
DCT Rat cardiomyocyte ↓ Contraction Not known 43
CA Rat heart Bradycardia ↓ Cholinergic stimulation 44, 45
CT Rat cardiomyocyte; rabbit sinoatrialnode ↓ action potential duration ↓ inward Na+ and Ca2+ currents, and ↑ outward K+ currents 46, 47
CT,CG Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes ↓ contraction rate, amplitude and synchronization Altered intracellular calcium dynamics; M2R‐mediated ↓ cAMP 33, 49, 50
UDCA Mouse heart ↓ allograft rejection Immune‐mediated 58, 59
UDCA Rat cardiac ischemia‐reperfusion model ↓ myocyte apoptosis Activation of PI3K‐AKT 60
DCT, CDCT Rat aorta, portal vein, mesenteric and carotid arteries Vasodilation M3R‐mediated NO release;? VDCC activation 32, 63, 64
DCA, DCT, CDCA Endothelial cells NO and K+ current generation ↑ cytoplasmic [Ca2+] 68
LCT, CT, CDCT Hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells NOS up‐regulation and NO generation TGR5‐mediated cAMP generation 36
LCA Cerebral arteries Vasodilation BKCa activation 39, 66
CDCA Endothelial cells NOS up‐regulation FXR activation 75
GW4064 Rabbit mesenteric arteries ↓ NO sensitivity ↓ generation of cGMP 76
CDCA Rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells ↓ ET‐1 expression FXR activation 77
CDCA GW4064 Rat aortic smooth muscle cells ↑ AT2R expression FXR activation 78
6ECDCA GW4064 Rat and human aortic smooth muscle cells ↓ inflammation and migration ↓ IL‐1β ‐mediated iNOS and COX2 expression 79
INT‐747 ApoE–/– mice ↓ aortic plaque area and calcification ↓ expression of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and CD11b 80, 81
CDCA Endothelial cells; human esophageal cancer xenograft ↑ angiogenesis FXR activation; COX‐2‐dependent VEGF production 88, 89
UDCA Chick embryo CAM; laser‐induced CNV ↓ angiogenesis Not known 90, 91

↓: decreased; ↑: increased; INT‐747 is a synthetic CDCA derivative. GW4064 and 6α‐ethyl‐chenodeoxycholic acid (6ECDCA) are synthetic FXR agonists; CAM: chorioallantoic membrane assay; CNV: choroidalneovascularization ; VDCC: Voltage‐dependent calcium channels