Table 2.
Novel targeted agents in advanced urothelial Cancer.
| Author/study | Agent | Target | Regimen | Phase/n | RR (%) (95% CI) | Median OS (months) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philips et al. | Gefitinib | EGFR | With GC | II/54 | 42.6 (29.2–56.8) | 15.1 | [77] |
| MDACC (TX, USA) | Erlotinib | EGFR | Once daily | II/42 | Ongoing | Ongoing | |
| Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (MA, USA) | Vandetanib | EGFR, VEGFR-2, RET | Docetaxel ± vandetanib | II/140 | Ongoing | Ongoing | |
| University of Michigan (MI, USA) | Cetuximab | EGFR | GC ± cetuximab | II/81 | Ongoing | Ongoing | |
| Hussain et al. | Trastuzumab | HER2/neu | With G + carboplatin + paclitaxel | II/44 | 70 (55–83) | 14.1 | [68] |
| Hahn et al. | Bevacizumab | VEGF | With GC | II/45 | 67 (51–82) | NR | [88] |
| CALGB 90601 | With GC | III/500 | Ongoing | Ongoing | |||
| MSKCC (NY, USA) | With G + carboplatin | II/47 | Ongoing | Ongoing | |||
| MDACC | With dose-dense M-VAC | II/60 | Ongoing | Ongoing | |||
| Sridhar et al. | Sorafenib | VEGFR-2, -3, PDGFR-β, Raf | Twice daily | II/17 | None observed | 5.9 | [93] |
| Dreicer et al. | Twice daily | II/27 | None observed | 6.8 | [94] | ||
| Gallagher et al. | Sunitinib | VEGFR-2, PDGFR-β | Cohort A: daily for 4 out of 6 weeks Cohort B: daily | II/77 | 29 | A: 7.1 vs B: 6 (p = 0.4) | [96] |
| Mayo Clinic (MN, USA) | Pazopanib | VEGFR-1,-2,-3, PDGFR, c-kit | Once daily | II/32 | Ongoing | Ongoing | |
| Hoosier Oncology Group (IN, USA) | ASA404 | Endothelial cytoskeleton | With docetaxel | II/40 | Ongoing | Ongoing | |
| Cheung et al. | Vorinostat | HDAC | Twice daily | II/14 | None observed | 4.3 | [109] |
| Gomez-Abuin et al. | Bortezomib | 26S proteosome complex | Monotherapy | II/20 | None observed | 15 weeks | [113] |
| Rosenberg et al. | Monotherapy | II/25 | None observed | 5.7 | [114] |
CALGB: Cancer and Leukemia Group B; EGFR: EGF receptor; G: Gemcitabine; GC: Gemcitabine plus cisplatin; HDAC: Histone deacetylase enzyme; MDACC: MD Anderson Cancer Center; MSKCC: Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; M-VAC: Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin; NR: Not reported; OS: Overall survival; PDGFR: PDGF receptor; RR: Response rate; VEGFR: VEGF receptor.