Table 2.
Demographic and Behavioral Symptoms Comparing Cases and Controls
| Demographic | TBI with chronic deficit or dysfunction (n=62) (Mean±SD) | No TBI probable AD (n=122) (Mean±SD) | p value (uncorrected) | Significant FDR <0.05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at onset of dementia (years) | 66.9±12.5 | 64.4±11.0 | ns | |
| Age at initial evaluation (years) | 72.4±12.1 | 70.2±10.8 | ns | |
| Education (years) | 14.1±3.1 | 14.5±4.0 | ns | |
| Gender (% male) | 65.1 | 64.5 | ns | |
| Ethnicity (% Caucasian) | 82.5 | 87.9 | ns |
| OR | 95% CI | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral assessment | ||||
| Agitation | 2.073 | 1.095–3.925 | 0.033 | * |
| Depression | 2.229 | 1.185–4.194 | 0.016 | * |
| Irritability | 1.934 | 1.032–3.627 | 0.041 | |
| Nighttime behaviors | 2.400 | 1.263–4.449 | 0.009 | * |
| Clinical judgment of symptoms | ||||
| Memory | 0.051 | 0.003–0.933 | 0.0070 | * |
| Fluctuating cognition | 11.52 | 0.556–238.5 | 0.0660 | |
| Depression | 2.038 | 1.185–4.194 | 0.0160 | * |
| Psychosis | 2.038 | 1.162–3.574 | 0.0150 | * |
| Disinhibition | 2.637 | 1.150–6.048 | 0.0310 | * |
| Irritability | 2.106 | 1.096–4.049 | 0.0310 | * |
| Agitation | 2.100 | 0.967–4.560 | 0.0700 | |
| Personality Change | 3.505 | 1.624–7.566 | 0.0020 | * |
| Gait Disorder | 4.594 | 2.198–9.600 | <0.0001 | * |
| Falls | 6.886 | 2.694–17.60 | <0.0001 | * |
| Tremors | 2.909 | 1.247–6.787 | 0.0160 | * |
| Slowness | 3.962 | 1.988–7.899 | 0.0001 | * |
| Other neurological conditions | ||||
| Seizures | 45.19 | 2.58–791.6 | <0.0001 | * |
| Ordinal measures | Median | Median | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | 22 | 21 | 0.475 | |
| GDS | 2 | 1 | 0.088 | |
| UPDRS | 12 | 2 | <0.0001 | * |
| Hachinski Ischemic Score | 1 | 0 | <0.0001 | * |
TBI, traumatic brain injury; AD, Alzheimer's disease; FDR, false discovery rate; SD, standard deviation; ns, not significant; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MMSE, Mini–Mental State Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.