Figure 5. The impact of atropine on E-stim-induced increases in GLP-1.
a) Nutrients and E-stim plus nutrients significantly increased GLP-1 levels over baseline (main effect of time; *p<0.05). There was also a significant main effect of drug with atropine lowering GLP-1 levels (p<0.05). b) When calculated as a percentage of baseline, E-stim plus nutrients significantly increased GLP-1 levels over nutrients alone (*E-stim plus nutrients with and without atropine vs. nutrients with saline; *p<0.05). Atropine had no effect on GLP-1 levels when expressed as a percentage of baseline.