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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 9.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res. 2008 Sep 30;1243:167–173. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.057

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Hoechst staining of cultured visual cortical neurons in control (A), MPP+ exposed (B), LED pretreatment for 2 days before MPP+ exposure (C), MPP+ plus LED treated (D), and LED pretreatment for 2 days before MPP+ exposure plus LED treatment during MPP+ exposure (E). The arrows show apoptotic neurons with nuclear condensation or decreased nuclear size, with or without nuclear fragmentation. Quantitative assays of percent apoptotic neurons under various conditions are shown in F. MPP+ exposure significantly increased the number of apoptotic neurons (P < 0.001). LED treatment markedly reduced this percentage (P < 0.001), and pretreatment with LED showed comparable results (P < 0.001) with no significant difference between the two paradigms. However, LED pretreatment plus LED during treatment further reduced this percentage (P < 0.001).

All “* P” values were compared to controls: ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. All “+P” values were compared to MPP+ or rotenone alone: ++ P < 0.01, +++ P < 0.001. All “#P” values compared “LED pretreatment plus LED treatment during toxin exposure group” to “LED during toxin exposure only group”. Scale bar: 25 μm for all.