Table 3.

Effects of Low Oral Health Literacy on Oral-health-care–related Medicaid-paid Annual Expenditures, Adjusted to 2010 Dollar Fees (and 95% confidence intervals) Obtained by Marginal Effects Estimation Following Gamma-generalized Modeling¹ among the 1,132 Children of the COHL Cohort during the Study’s 3-year Follow-up Period

	All Oral Health Care	Preventive Care	Restorative Care	Emergency Care
Word recognition2
REALD-30 “low” score3	40 (-32, 111)	6 (-5, 17)	28 (-97, 153)	45 (-81, 171)
Comprehension
NVS “low” score4	−27 (−106, 51)	0 (−12, 12)	−62 (−191, 67)	53 (−63, 170)

¹The multivariate models had gamma family and log-link specifications and included terms for caregivers’ and children’s ages, race, education, and number of children (REALD-30 models); caregivers’ and children’s ages, race, education, and marital status (NVS models).

²Analyses were restricted to individuals who reported having English as the primary language spoken at home (n = 1,070).

³Defined as REALD-30 < 13 (Vann et al., 2010); defined as NVS < 2 (Osborn et al., 2007).