Table 4.
Author, country, year | Type of diet | Adjusted for confounders | Results (G = group, T = tertile, C = category, Q = quartile,) | p for trend | Summary of associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort |
|
|
|
|
|
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36] |
Mediterranean |
Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment |
C1: Referent |
<0.001 |
Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression |
C2: 0.74 (0.57, 0.98) | |||||
C3: 0.66 (0.50, 0.86) | |||||
C4: 0.49 (0.36, 0.67) | |||||
C5: 0.58 (0.44, 0.77) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36] |
Mediterranean |
Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment, excluding participants with early depression |
C1: Referent |
<0.001 |
Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression |
C2: 0.73 (0.50, 1.06) | |||||
C3: 0.56 (0.38, 0.83) | |||||
C4: 0.42 (0.27, 0.66) | |||||
C5: 0.50 (0.33, 0.74) | |||||
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36] |
Mediterranean |
Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment, excluding participants using antidepressant medication during follow up without physician diagnosis |
C1: Referent |
0.007 |
Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression |
C2: 0.79 (0.57, 1.09) | |||||
C3: 0.67 (0.48, 0.93) | |||||
C4: 0.56 (0.39, 0.80) | |||||
C5: 0.69 (0.50, 0.96) | |||||
Okubu et al., Japan, 2011 [23] |
Japanese |
Age, gestation, parity, smoking, change in diet in preceding month, family structure, occupation, family income, education, season, BMI, time of delivery, medical problems during pregnancy, sex and birth weight of baby |
Q1: Referent |
0.59 |
No association |
Q2: 0.56 (0.30, 1.02) | |||||
Q3: 1.14 (0.66, 1.96) | |||||
Q4: 0.96 (0.56, 1.64) | |||||
Cross-sectional |
|
|
|
|
|
Mamplekou, Mediterranean Islands, 2010 [28] |
Mediterranean |
Age, sex, BMI, living alone, financial status, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, education, alcohol, retired, urban/rural area |
G1: 1.00 (ref) |
NS* |
No association |
G2: 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | |||||
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22] |
Japanese |
Age, sex, workplace |
T1: Referent |
<0.001 |
Increased adherence to Japanese diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
T2: 0.90 (0.57, 1.41) | |||||
T3: 0.39 (0.23, 0.67) | |||||
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22] |
Japanese |
Age, sex, workplace, marital status, BMI, job position, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, total energy intake |
T1: Referent |
0.006 |
Increased adherence to Japanese diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms |
T2: 0.99 (0.62, 1.59) | |||||
T3: 0.44 (0.25, 0.78) | |||||
Jacka et al., Norway, 2011 [8] | Norwegian | Age, income, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy consumption | Males: |
|
Increased adherence to Norwegian diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms for males |
C1: Referent |
|
||||
C2: 0.77 (0.61, 0.96) |
0.02 |
||||
Females: |
|
No association for females | |||
C1: Referent |
|
||||
C2: 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) | 0.51 |
* Data not provided, NS not significant.
Results presented as Odds Ratio (OR) or Hazards Ratio (HR) and (95% CI), except where indicated by superscripts: †beta regression coefficients (± SE), or α mean (±SE).