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. 2013 Jun 27;13:175. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-175

Table 4.

Summary of associations between traditional dietary patterns and depression, presented by year of publication, and author

Author, country, year Type of diet Adjusted for confounders Results (G = group, T = tertile, C = category, Q = quartile,) p for trend Summary of associations
Cohort
 
 
 
 
 
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36]
Mediterranean
Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment
C1: Referent
<0.001
Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression
C2: 0.74 (0.57, 0.98)
C3: 0.66 (0.50, 0.86)
C4: 0.49 (0.36, 0.67)
C5: 0.58 (0.44, 0.77)
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36]
Mediterranean
Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment, excluding participants with early depression
C1: Referent
<0.001
Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression
C2: 0.73 (0.50, 1.06)
C3: 0.56 (0.38, 0.83)
C4: 0.42 (0.27, 0.66)
C5: 0.50 (0.33, 0.74)
Sanchez-Villegas et al., Spain, 2009 [36]
Mediterranean
Age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, employment, excluding participants using antidepressant medication during follow up without physician diagnosis
C1: Referent
0.007
Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet associated with reduced odds of self-reported depression
C2: 0.79 (0.57, 1.09)
C3: 0.67 (0.48, 0.93)
C4: 0.56 (0.39, 0.80)
C5: 0.69 (0.50, 0.96)
Okubu et al., Japan, 2011 [23]
Japanese
Age, gestation, parity, smoking, change in diet in preceding month, family structure, occupation, family income, education, season, BMI, time of delivery, medical problems during pregnancy, sex and birth weight of baby
Q1: Referent
0.59
No association
Q2: 0.56 (0.30, 1.02)
Q3: 1.14 (0.66, 1.96)
Q4: 0.96 (0.56, 1.64)
Cross-sectional
 
 
 
 
 
Mamplekou, Mediterranean Islands, 2010 [28]
Mediterranean
Age, sex, BMI, living alone, financial status, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, education, alcohol, retired, urban/rural area
G1: 1.00 (ref)
NS*
No association
G2: 1.03 (0.98–1.09)
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22]
Japanese
Age, sex, workplace
T1: Referent
<0.001
Increased adherence to Japanese diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms
T2: 0.90 (0.57, 1.41)
T3: 0.39 (0.23, 0.67)
Nanri et al., Japan, 2010 [22]
Japanese
Age, sex, workplace, marital status, BMI, job position, physical activity, smoking, co-morbidities, total energy intake
T1: Referent
0.006
Increased adherence to Japanese diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms
T2: 0.99 (0.62, 1.59)
T3: 0.44 (0.25, 0.78)
Jacka et al., Norway, 2011 [8] Norwegian Age, income, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy consumption Males:
 
Increased adherence to Norwegian diet associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms for males
C1: Referent
 
C2: 0.77 (0.61, 0.96)
0.02
Females:
 
No association for females
C1: Referent
 
C2: 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) 0.51

* Data not provided, NS not significant.

Results presented as Odds Ratio (OR) or Hazards Ratio (HR) and (95% CI), except where indicated by superscripts: beta regression coefficients (± SE), or α mean (±SE).