Table 7.
Summary of associations between depression (exposure of interest) and diet, presented by year of publication
| Author, country, year | Type of diet (outcome) | Adjusted for confounders | Results | p value | Summary of associations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cross-sectional |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pagoto et al., USA, 2009 [24] |
Healthy Eating |
Age, sex, smoking |
−2.03 (0.60) † |
0.001 |
Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating |
| Beydoun et al., USA, 2009 [32] |
Healthy Eating |
Age, poverty status, education, marital status, smoking |
White males: |
|
|
| (CES-D)–0.25 (0.08) † |
<0.05 |
Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating |
|||
| (CES-D ≥16)–3.44 (1.62) † |
NS* |
Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating |
|||
| (CES-D ≥20)–2.82 (1.99) † |
<0.05 |
No association |
|||
| White females: |
|
|
|||
| (CES-D)–0.19 (0.07) † |
<0.05 |
Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating |
|||
| (CES-D ≥16)–3.45 (1.26) † |
|
Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating |
|||
| (CES-D ≥20)–3.93 (1.46) † |
|
Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of healthy eating |
|||
| Beydoun et al., USA, 2009 [32] |
Healthy Eating |
Age, poverty status, education, marital status, smoking |
African American males: |
|
|
| (CES-D)–0.03 (0.07) † |
NS* |
No association |
|||
| (CES-D ≥16)–0.08 (1.22) † |
NS* |
No association |
|||
| (CES-D ≥20)–0.90 (1.52) † |
NS* |
No association |
|||
| African American females: |
|
|
|||
| (CES-D)–0.10 (0.06) † |
<0.1 |
No association |
|||
| (CES-D ≥16)–1.24 (1.04) † |
NS* |
No association |
|||
| (CES-D ≥20)–1.22 (1.20) † |
NS* |
No association |
|||
| Beydoun and Wang, USA, 2010 [33] |
Healthy Eating |
Age, race/ethnicity, marital status, food insecurity, education, poverty income ratio |
Males: −3.29 (2.12) † |
NS* |
No association |
| Females: −2.63 (1.96) † |
NS* |
No association |
|||
| Castellanos et al., USA, 2011 [39] |
Fat intake |
Age, income, education, fruit/vegetable intake, time in USA |
−0.23 (0.14) † |
0.12 |
No association |
| Castellanos et al., USA, 2011 [39] |
Fruit and Vegetable consumption |
Age, income, education, fat consumption, time in USA |
−0.30 (0.09) † |
<0.05 |
Depressive symptoms associated with reduced likelihood of fruit and vegetable consumption |
| Crawford et al., USA, 2011 [40] | Frequency of fast food consumption | Age, race, marital status, education, household income, BMI, smoking, physical activity, anti-depressant use | C1: Referent |
S* |
Depressive symptoms associated with greater fast food consumption |
| C2: 1.54 (1.06, 2.25) |
* Data not provided, S significant.
Results presented as Odds Ratio (OR) or Hazards Ratio (HR) and (95% CI), except where indicated by superscripts: †beta regression coefficients (± SE), or α mean (±SE).