Figure 2.

Cell cycle phases and the regulatory components important in breast cancer disparities. Abnormalities (highlighted in red) have been identified in multiple regulatory components of the cell cycle in the breast cancer of African American compared with Caucasian women. These include cyclins A, B, D, and E, p16/INK4A, the tumor suppressor genes p53 and RASSF1A, as well as endogenous hormones and growth factors. Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) has not been studied in African American breast cancer, but evidence suggests this may be altered as well.