Table 1.
Effect of adjustment for clinical and demographic factors on survival outcome in African American breast cancer
| Reference | Adjusted factors | Effect on survival |
|---|---|---|
| Field et al. [84] | Unfavorable tumor characteristics (age at diagnosis, stage, grade, tumor size, and ER and progesterone receptor status, treatment, health insurance, access to health care) | Controlling for these characteristics did not fully explain the higher risk of breast cancer death |
| van Ravesteyn et al. [97] | Natural history parameters (stage distribution and survival in the absence of screening and adjuvant treatment), use of adjuvant therapy, and uptake of mammography screening | Despite adjustment, 38 to 46% of higher breast cancer mortality remained unexplained |
| Curtis et al. [100] | Mammography screening, tumor characteristics at diagnosis, biologic markers, treatment, comorbidity, and demographics (type of community, income) | Controlling for predictor variables reduced, but did not eliminate, the breast cancer survival disparities for stage II/III disease |
| Carey et al. [74] | Basal-like cases | The breast cancer-specific survival outcomes in premenopausal African American cases did not become more similar to the other groups when basal-like cases were removed |
| Boyer-Chammard et al. [25] | Age, stage, histology and treatment | Black patients had a higher risk of death from breast cancer relative to non-Hispanic white patients even when data were adjusted for age, stage, histology and treatment |
| Adams et al. [27] | Age, insurance, stage, Elston grade, ER, and HER2 | After controlling for age, insurance, stage, Elston grade, ER, and HER2, African American women still had a higher risk of death from both breast cancer and all-cause mortality |
| Lund et al. [19] | Triple-negative subtype - age, stage, grade, poverty index | Correction for age, stage, grade, poverty index had no effect on the all-cause mortality |
| Porter et al. [17] | Age and stage | Observed differences for cyclin E, p16, p53, cyclin D1 between tumor specimens were independent of stage and age at diagnosis |
ER, estrogen receptor.