Table 2.

Pain Frequency and Depression Severity as Predictors of Substance Use Disorders in Fixed Effects Models

	Alcohol abuse/dependence		Cocaine abuse/dependence		Methamphetamine abuse/dependence		Opioid abuse/dependence		Marijuana abuse/dependence
Independent Variables	OR	p-value	OR	p-value	OR	p-value	OR	p-value	OR	p-value
Days with bodily pain in past 30 days
1–15 days vs. 0 day	1.85	0.0002	1.25	0.24	1.44	0.14	2.25	0.06	1.25	0.23
16+ days vs. 0 day	2.18	0.0003	1.50	0.09	1.57	0.13	3.32	0.02	1.17	0.50
Depression severity
Mild depression vs. No depression	1.18	0.33	1.91	0.0006	1.34	0.23	1.11	0.79	1.62	0.008
Moderate depression vs. No depression	1.34	0.19	2.71	<.0001	2.35	0.006	1.31	0.57	2.38	0.0003
Moderately severe or severe depression vs. No depression	1.29	0.33	3.45	<.0001	1.56	0.21	2.67	0.04	1.97	0.01