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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 10.
Published in final edited form as: Violence Vict. 2013;28(1):122–144. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.28.1.122

TABLE 2.

Fixed Effect Poisson Models of the Influence of Indirect Exposure to Violence on Wave 3 Frequency of Alcohol Use (Standard Errors in Parentheses)a

Males
Females
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Intercept 0.15* −0.16* −0.15 −0.06 −0.30** −0.35**
(0.06) (0.07) (0.08) (0.07) (0.08) (0.09)
Independent variables
Indirect exposure 0.92** 0.48** 0.21 0.81** 0.53** 0.31**
(0.13) (0.11) (0.12) (0.10) (0.09) (0.11)
Control variables
Age 0.36** 0.19** 0.30** 0.18**
(0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03)
Household salary 0.04 0.01 0.04* 0.05*
(0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02)
African American −0.09 −0.12 −0.55** −0.44*
(0.23) (0.25) (0.20) (0.22)
Hispanic 0.18 0.18 −0.40* −.23
(0.19) (0.24) (0.16) (0.21)
Other race/ethnicity −0.20 −0.27 20.56* −0.69**
(0.33) (0.48) (0.27) (0.23)
Low self-control −0.09* 0.02
(0.04) (0.06)
Availability of drugs 0.32** −0.005
(0.07) (0.07)
Peer substance use 0.16** 0.27**
(0.06) (0.07)
Parental problem
  drinking
0.09 0.13
(0.14) (0.14)
Curfew 0.07 −0.03
(0.09) (0.08)
Prior alcohol use 0.40** 0.47**
(0.12) (0.14)
χ2 101.41 184.15 216.23 126.67 177.62 159.93
a

Based on 796 males and 819 females.

*

p ≤ .05.

**

p ≤ .01.