TABLE 5.

Fixed Effect Poisson Models of the Influence of Direct Exposure to Violence on Wave 3 Frequency of Alcohol Use (Standard Errors in Parentheses)^a

	Males			Females
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Intercept	0.20**	−0.16*	−0.16	−0.03	−0.28**	−0.34**
	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.09)	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.09)
Independent variables
Direct exposure	0.50**	0.26**	0.13	0.54**	0.31**	0.11
	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.08)	(0.11)
Control variables
Age	—	0.38**	0.19**	—	0.31**	0.19**
		(0.02)	(0.03)		(0.02)	(0.03)
Household salary	—	0.04*	0.01	—	0.04	0.05*
		(0.02)	(0.02)		(0.02)	(0.02)
African American	—	−0.11	−0.13	—	−0.48*	−0.36
		(0.24)	(0.25)		(0.20)	(0.22)
Hispanic	—	0.13	0.16	—	−0.36*	−0.18
		(0.18)	(0.24)		(0.16)	(0.20)
Other race/ethnicity	—	−0.18	−0.24	—	−0.54	−0.59*
		(0.35)	(0.49)		(0.30)	(0.23)
Low self-control	—	—	−0.07	—	—	0.01
			(0.04)			(0.06)
Availability of drugs	—	—	0.34**	—	—	−0.0001
			(0.07)			(0.08)
Peer substance use	—	—	0.16**	—	—	0.29**
			(0.05)			(0.07)
Parental problem   drinking	—	—	0.09	—	—	0.15
			(0.14)			(0.14)
Curfew	—	—	0.07	—	—	−0.02
			(0.09)			(0.08)
Prior alcohol use	—	—	0.41**	—	—	0.50**
			(0.12)			(0.14)
χ2	90.77	174.52	214.45	119.05	173.44	154.40

^aBased on 796 males and 819 females.

^*p ≤ .05.

^**p ≤ .01.