| IL-1β |
Interleukin-1β |
Proinflammatory |
| IL-6 |
Interleukin-6 |
Induction of iNOS and ↑ oxidative stress |
| IL-18 |
Interleukin-18 |
Induction of iNOS and ↑ oxidative stress |
| TNF |
Tumor necrosis factor |
Neurotoxic |
| MCP-1 |
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 |
Chemotaxic |
| MIP-1α |
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1α |
Chemotaxic |
| MIP-1β |
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1β |
Chemotaxic |
| MIP-2 |
Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 |
Chemotaxic |
| MDC |
Macrophage-derived chemokine |
Chemotaxic |
| IL-3 |
Interleukin-3 |
Proliferation |
| IL-15 |
Interleukin-15 |
T cell regulation |
| M-CSF |
Monocyte colony-stimulating factor |
Proliferation |
| PGE2 |
Prostaglandin E2 Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes) |
Proinflammatory, proliferative; may impair glutamate uptake by astrocytes and ↑ excitotoxicity |
| AA |
Arachidonic acid |
Potentiate NMDA receptors → excitotoxicity; calcium overload |
| PAF |
Platelet-activating factor |
|
| QA |
Quinolinic acid |
|
| NO |
Nitric oxide |
Neurotoxic, oxidative stress; inhibition of glutamate uptake by |
|
O•− |
Superoxide |
astrocytes |
| H2O2
|
Hydrogen peroxide |
|
| OH−
|
Hydroxyl radical |
|
| NOO−
|
Peroxynitrite |
|
| TGFβ |
Transforming growth factor beta |
Anti-inflammatory |
| IL-10 |
Interleukin-10 |
Immunosuppression |
| NGF |
Nerve growth factor |
Neurotrophic factor |
| BDNF |
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
Neurotrophic factor |
| GDNF |
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor |
Neurotrophic factor |
| NT-3 |
Neurotrophin-3 |
Neurotrophic factor |
| NT-4 |
Neurotrophin-4 |
Neurotrophic factor |
