Table 2.

Cancers that respond to PEDF

Tumour type	PEDF action	Refs
Retinoblastoma	Neuronal differentiating Anti-angiogenic Decreased MVD Decreased VEGF expression Delayed tumour growth	1,2,39,59
Neuroblastoma	Differentiation to a less-malignant phenotype Anti-angiogenic	40,72,174
Prostate	Anti-angiogenic Neurocrine differentiation Inhibition of tumour cell proliferation Tumour epithelial cell apoptosis Antimetastatic Increased macrophage density	35,47,68,104,157,175
Melanoma	Anti-angiogenic Decreased tumour MVD Antimetastatic	56,57,80,82,176
Wilms’ tumour	Anti-angiogenic Tumour cell apoptosis	51,52
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	Anti-angiogenic Tumour epithelial cell apoptosis Antimetastatic (for liver metastases) Association with prolonged patient survival Lower adiposity	47,53,79,83
Hepatoblastoma	Anti-angiogenic Decreased VEGF expression	54
Osteosarcoma	Anti-angiogenic Antimetastatic Inhibition of tumour cell invasiveness	55,74,75,149,177,178
Chondrosarcoma	Inhibition of tumour cell invasiveness Tumour cell apoptosis	76
Human cervical carcinoma	Decreased tumour MVD Decreased VEGF expression Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation Induction of endothelial cell apoptosis	60
Gastric carcinoma	Anti-angiogenic Downregulation of HIF1αand VEGF	61
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Anti-angiogenic Decreased VEGF expression	62
Lewis lung carcinoma	Reduction of tumour growth Antimetastatic Prolonged survival of mice Decreased tumour MVD Tumour cell apoptosis	63,144
Colorectal peritoneal carcinoma	Inhibition of tumour growth Anti-angiogenic Decreased tumour MVD Tumour cell apoptosis Inhibition of metastasis	64,71,73
Glioma	Decreased tumour growth Tumour cell death Tumour cell apoptosis Inhibition of tumour cell invasiveness Anti-angiogenic	47,69,70,73,146
Uveal melanoma	Decreased primary tumour size Antimetastatic (for liver metastases) Reduced proliferation, migration and invasion Pro-apoptotic	81,126
Breast cancer xenograft	Anti-angiogenic Antimigratory	73,77
Brain metastasis from breast tumours	Cell death Antimetastatic (for brain metastases) Neurotrophic for brain neurons in the tumour vicinity	41,78

HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; MVD, microvessel density; PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.